1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Charophyte algae Fungi Animals Plants 1

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 30 nm 2

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FERTILIZATION MEIOSIS Key Alternation of generations Mitosis Gametophyte (n) Gamete from another plant Wall ingrowths Mitosis Spore Gamete Zygote Mitosis Sporophyte (2n) Placental transfer cell (blue outline) Multicellular, dependent embryos Embryo Maternal tissue Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) 10  m 2  m 2n2n n n n n 3

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Gametophyte Sporophyte Sporangium Spores Longitudinal section of Sphagnum sporangium (LM) 4

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sporangia Rhizoids 25  m 2 cm 5

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hyphae Mycelium 60  m Reproductive structure Spore-producing structures 6

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fungal hypha Haustorium Plant cell plasma membrane Plant cell wall 7

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Zygote Spores PLASMOGAMY Key KARYOGAMY GERMINATION MEIOSIS GERMINATION Spores SEXUAL REPRODUCTION ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Heterokaryotic stage Spore- producing structures Mycelium Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Heterokaryotic 8

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 2.5  m Chytrids (1,000 species) Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) 25  m Hyphae 9

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Origin of land plants Origin of vascular plants Origin of extant seed plants ANCESTRAL GREEN ALGA Millions of years ago (mya) 500 Angiosperms 450400 350 300500 32 1 Gymnosperms Mosses Hornworts Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Liverworts Land plants Vascular plants Seed plants Seedless vascular plants Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) 10

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sporophyte (a sturdy plant that takes months to grow) Gametophyte Capsule Seta (b) Polytrichum commune, a moss (c) Anthoceros sp., a hornwort (a) Plagiochila deltoidea, a liverwort 11

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Diphasiastrum tristachyum, a lycophyte Strobili (conelike structures in which spores are produced) (b) Athyrium filix-femina, a monilophyte 2.5 cm 12

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sporophyte Gametophyte Example PLANT GROUP Mosses and other nonvascular plants Ferns and other seedless vascular plants Reduced, independent (photosynthetic and free-living) Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms) Dominant Reduced, dependent on gametophyte for nutrition Gametophyte (n) Gametophyte (n) Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n) Gymnosperm Angiosperm Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside ovulate cone Microscopic female gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside these parts of flowers Microscopic male gametophytes (n) inside pollen cone 13

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pollen tube Female gametophyte (n) Seed coat Spore wall Food supply (n) Embryo (2n) Egg nucleus (n) Discharged sperm nucleus (n) Male gametophyte Immature ovulate cone Megaspore (n) Integument (2n) Spore wall Megasporangium (2n) Pollen grain (n) Micropyle (a) Unfertilized ovule (b) Fertilized ovule (c) Gymnosperm seed 14

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (a) Sago palm (Cycas revoluta) (c) Creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) 15

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Sepal Ovule Petal Style Ovary Stigma Carpel Stamen Filament Anther 16

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. A foliose (leaflike) lichen Crustose (encrusting) lichens (b) Anatomy of a lichen involving an ascomycete fungus and an alga (a) Two common lichen growth forms Fungal hyphae Algal cell 50  m 17

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Endophyte not present; pathogen present (E−P  ) Both endophyte and pathogen present (E  P  ) E−PE−P E−PE−P EPEP EPEP 15 10 5 0 Leaf mortality (%) Leaf area damaged (%) 30 20 10 0 Results 18

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Corn smut on corn (c) Ergots on rye (b) Tar spot fungus on maple leaves 19

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. (b) By 2009, much more of this same tropical forest had been cut down. (a) A satellite image from 2000 shows clear-cut areas in Brazil (brown) surrounded by dense tropical forest (green). 4 km 20

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Bilateral symmetry Time since divergence from common ancestor Radial symmetry Common ancestor “Bilateral” clade “Radial” clade Compare numbers of species 21