1. THE PLANT KINGDOM

2. All Plants Evolved from Common Ancestor: Ancient Green Algae
Cell walls made of cellulose
Store excess carbohydrates as starch
Form a cell plate during cytokinesis
Have same photosynthetic pigments:
Chlorophyll a and b
Carotenoid – carotene and xanthophyll

3. Adaptations to life on land:
Cuticle
Waxy layer on aerial portion that prevents dessication
Thickness depends on how dry the environment is

4. Adaptations to life on land:
Cuticle
Stomata:
Pores on the surface of leaves and stems
Allows for gas exchange

5. Adaptations to life on land:
Cuticle
Stomata
Gametangia
Multicellular sex organs
Covered by a layer of sterile cells – protection
Embryo develops inside gametangia

6. Plant Life Cycle Alternation of generations Gametophyte
Multicellular haploid stage
Produces gametes
Sporophyte
Multicellular diploid stage
Produces spores

7. Gametophyte generation
Gives rise to haploid gametes by mitosis
Sperm cells form in antheridia
Egg cells form in archegonia
Once sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, a zygote is formed

8. Sporophyte generation
Begins with diploid zygote
Zygote divides by mitosis and develops into embryo
Grows into mature sporophyte plant
Specialized cells called sporogenous cells divide by meiosis into haploid spores

9. Four Main Groups of Plants
Bryophytes
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

10. Bryophytes Nonvascular plants Rely on diffusion and osmosis
Restricted in size
Generally require moist environment
MOSSES, LIVERWORTS, HORNWORTS

11. Moss Life Cycle

12. Vascular Plants Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
Contain xylem and phloem
Cell walls contain lignin
Strengthening polymer
Support
Conduction
Allows plants to grow tall

13. Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns & club mosses
Most important adaptation:
Xylem – transports water
Phloem – transports food
Transport allows plants to grow larger

14. Club Mosses Only group of vascular plants with microphyll True Roots
Leaf with single vascular strand
True Roots
Rhizome & aerial stems
Reproductive leaves with sporangia

15. Ferns Rhizome w/ roots Fronds Sori found on fronds
Clusters of sporangia
Sporagenous cells undergo meiosis  spores

16. Fern Life Cycle
Prothallus

17. Homospory vs. Heterospory
Homospory – sporophyte produces 1 kind of spore
Heterospory – microspores & megaspores

18. Dominant Stages Bryophyte – Gametophyte Seedless Vascular – Sporophyte
Gymnosperms – Sporophyte
Angiosperms - Sporophyte