1. Chapters 29 and 30

2. Characteristics of All Plants Multicellular Eukaryotic Photosynthetic autotrophs Alternation of generations

4. Evolutionary History Evolved from green algae Charophyceans are closest living relatives Homologous structures provide evidence: Chloroplasts Walls with cellulose Peroxisome enzymes Flagellated sperm

5. Adaptations for Land Preventing water loss Sporopollenin Walled spores produced in sporangia Cuticle Stomata

6. Adaptations for Land Obtaining light,CO2, and nutrients Apical meristems Mycorrhizae Roots & root hairs Vascular tissue Phloem Xylem Lignin

7. Adaptations for Land Defense against herbivores and microbes Chemical compounds

8. Four Main Groups of Land Plants Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms

9. Bryophyta Simplest land plants- None have roots, stems, or leaves Mainly nonvascular

10. Bryophyta All have dominant gametophyte generation.

12. Bryophyta Liverworts: No stomata Hornworts: Stomata Mosses: Have stomata, and very simple vascular tissue.

13. Bryophyta Economically important Sphagnum moss, peat moss Water retention Oil spill control Fuel

14. Seedless Vascular Plants Pteridophyta (ferns & horsetails) are main group Also includes Lycophyta (club mosses)

15. Seedless Vascular Plants Sporophyte generation dominant

17. Seedless Vascular Plants Evolution of vascular tissue: Xylem Tracheids – dead, lignified Phloem Allowed increased height

18. Seedless Vascular Plants Evolution of leaves

19. Seedless Vascular Plants Evolution of roots Rhizomes

20. Seedless Vascular Plants Evolution of sporophylls Sori Strobili

22. Seedless Vascular Plants Formed first forests Eventually formed coal burned today

23. Gametophyte Evolution Further reduced in seed plants. Protected in ovules and pollen grains.

25. Evolution of Heterospory Megasporangia Microsporangia

26. Evolution of Pollen Avoided need for water Allowed greater dispersal

28. Gymnosperms “Naked” seeds Include cycads, ginkgos, gnetophytes, and conifers.

32. Angiosperms “Container Seed” Flowers Fruits 90% of all plants

33. Angiosperms

37. Coevolution: Pollinators & Flowers

38. Angiosperms Four Main Groups: Basal Angiosperms (.04%) Magnoliids (3%) Monocots (28%) Eudicots (69%)

39. Monocots vs. Dicots Cotyledons

40. Monocots vs. Dicots Leaf Venation:

41. Monocots vs. Dicots Vascular Tissue in Stems

42. Monocots vs. Dicots Roots

43. Monocots vs. Dicots Flowers

44. Angiosperms Importance: Food Lumber & Paper Medicine Oxygen