1. Plant Diversity I Chapter 29

2. Introduction to Plants  Multicellular, ________, photosynthetic autotrophs  Cell walls made of cellulose  More than 290,000 species described  Plants colonized land ~ ____________________  Evolved from green algae (Charophytes)  Rings of ____________________  Structure of _________________  Formation of ___________  ___________ enzymes

3. Derived Traits of Land Plants  Alteration of generations  Multicellular, dependent embryos  Spores with protective walls  __________________ (organs that produce gametes)  Apical meristem

4. Alteration of Generation Life cycle alternates between multicellular haploid ______________ and multicellular diploid ___________ 1. Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis 2. Two gametes unite to form diploid zygote 3. Zygote develops into multicellular Sporophyte 4. Sporophyte produces unicellular haploid spore by meiosis 5. Spores develop into multicellular haploid Gametophyte 1. 2. 5. 3. 4.

5. Multicellular, Dependent Embryos  Diploid embryo ______ within tissue of female gametophyte  Embryophytes  Nutrients are transferred from parental tissues to embryo through specialized ________ ___________ Embryo Maternal tissue

6. Spores with Protective Walls Sporangia: multicellular, spore producing organs on sporophyte  Sporocytes _______________: polymer in walls of plant spores that makes them tough and resistant to harsh conditions

7. Multicellular Gametangia Gametangia: multicellular organs that produce gametes  ___________ = female  Produces single egg retained within archegonia  __________ = male  Produces many sperm that are released into the environment

8. Apical Meristem Apical meristem: localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots  Regions of plant growth

9. Adaptations for Terrestrial Life  Vascular tissue: tubes made od cells that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant  _______: water transport  ________: nutrient transport  Cuticle: waxy covering on the epidermis of many plant species  ________: specialized pores that allow the exchange gases and between the outside air and the plant Xylem Phloem

10. Plant Evolution Vascular tissue Seeds Flowers

11. Plant Phyla (Divisions)

12. Classification of Seedless Plants Nonvascular, Seedless Plants  Bryophyta  Mosses  Hepatophyta  Liverworts  Anthocerophyta  Hornworts Vascular, Seedless plants  Lycophyta  Club mosses  Psilophyta  Whiskferns  Spenophyta  Horsetails  Pterophyta  Ferns

13. Characteristics of Seedless, Non-vascular Plants  __________ generation dominant  No ____________________  Rhizoids: tubular or filamentous cells that anchor the thallus  _______: flat vegetative body lacking vascular tissue  Flagellated sperm

14. Phylum Hepatophyta  Liverworts  Name refers to the liver shaped gametophyte  Hepaticus = liver  Gametophyte dominant  No true leaves, roots or stems  ________  Two forms  Leafy (80%)  Thalloid (20%)

15. Hepatophyta Reproduction Reproduction  Sexual  Sporophyte develops on female gametophyte  Asexual  ___________ Sporophyte

16. Phylum Bryophyta  Mosses  Gametophyte dominant  No true leave, roots, or stems  Lack vascular tissue  Traits similar to more derived plants  Stomata  Cuticle

17. Bryophyte Life Cycle Sexual Reproduction ___________: one-cell thick filaments grown from germinated moss spore  Mature gametophyte grows from protonema  Sporophyte ________ on female gametophyte  Foot  Seta  Capsule  Peristome Asexual Reproduction  Brood bodies

18. Ecological Importance of Bryophytes Colonize harsh environments  Adaptations for harsh conditions  _________  UV exposure  Symbiotic relationship with Cyanobacteria  Nitrogen fixation Peet moss used as fuel source  Phenolic compounds  Carbon sink

19. Phylum Anthecerophyta  Hornworts  Gametophyte dominant  No true leave, roots, or stems  Lack vascular tissue  Traits similar to more derived plants  _______  ______  Sporophyte ________  Symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria

20. Characteristics of Seedless, Vascular Plants  Diverged ~ 450 mya (Ordovician)  _________ generation dominant  Formation of vascular tissue  Xylem (water)  Phloem (nutrients)  ______: polymer that strengthens the cell walls of water-conducting cells  True leaves, roots and stems  Have vascular tissue  Sperm with flagella

21. Types of Sporangia All seed plants and some seedless vascular plants Some seedless vascular plants

22. Phylum Lycophyta  Club mosses, Spike mosses, and Quillworts  Sporophyte generation dominant  True leaves  ___________: leaves with single strand of vascular tissue  Sporophylls: leaves that bear sporangia  _________: cone-like structure formed by clusters of sporophylls  True stems and roots  Vascular tissue  Homosporous and Heterosporous Microphyll Stobili

23. Phylum Pteropyta (Monilophyta) Fiddleheads Sori  Ferns  ________: large leaves with branched vascular tissue  Fronds  Homosporous  _____: clusters of sporangia located on the underside of sporophyllls  True leaves, roots, and stems  Branching roots

24. Life Cycle of Pterophyta  Homosporous  Bisexual gametophyte  _________

25. Phylum Sphenophyta (Monilophyta)  Horsetails  Homosporous  True roots  True leaves  _________  True stems  _____  Strobili Microphylls Strobilus

26. Phylum Psilophyta (Monilophyta)  Whisk ferns  Homosporous  _______ roots and leaves Spores Sporangia