1. MIDTERM * Midterm Review: Thursday, March 7
* Midterm Date: Tuesday, March 12

2. Hostile Personality

3. Hostile Personality and Health
Hostile Personality IS NOT: Angry all the time
Aggressive all the time
Hostile Personality IS: Way of perceiving the world
* Distrustful * Cynical
* Suspicious * Vigilant
Highly stable trait: Correlation over 4 yrs, r = .84
Which gender is more prone to Hostile Personality?
Men

4. Hostility Scale (Cook and Medley, 1954) [answered “YES”/”NO”]

5. Hostility and Coronary Heart Disease Among MDs Barefoot, et al., 1983

6. MD Survival Rates Over 25 Years: Low Hostile vs. High Hostile

7. Pathway From Hostility to Heart Disease
Appraisal of threat higher  defensive mode (fight) 
more cardiac output  ↑ cortisol  atherosclerosis
Where else did we see connection between neg. emotion, cortisol, and physical costs?
Depression -->
hypercortisolemia -->
hippocampus atrophy -->
memory impairment

8. Informational Value of Emotions to Health
Mood affects recognition / interpretation of own symptoms
Pos mood  attn. outward  less focused on symptoms
Neg mood  attn. inward  more focus on symptoms

9. The Dangers and Benefits of Being Happy
Happiness as Health Risk
Happiness as Health Benefit
Illusion of Invulnerability
Blind to danger signs
More health-promoting behaviors
Willing to risk upsetting diagnoses
Less defensive about hearing health risk information

10. Psychoneuroimmunology and AIDS
Psychoneuroimmunology: New inter-disciplinary area that looks at how psychological states affect the body’s resistance to illness
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus that causes AIDS.

11. Psycho-social Aspects of AIDS
Why do some people who get HIV infections acquire AIDS sooner than do others? (Cole, 2000).
1. Sample: gay men who acquire HIV at about the same time.
2. Looks at whether disclosed or hid gay identity, HIV status
Who is more likely to become symptomatic, "hiders" or "disclosers"?
Hiders
Why is this so?

12. Why Do “In Closet” Gays Develop AIDS Sooner?
A. (Hide Gay Identity)
B. (AIDS)
C. Sensitizer
Is it that suppressing was itself a stressor, stress  illness, therefore suppressing leads to quicker AIDS onset? NO
Suppressors tend to be “sensitizers”, easily disturbed by any kind of event, especially social events.
NOTE: THIS LINKS TO "TEMPERAMENT"

13. How Stress Hastens AIDS Onset
 1. “T” cells important player in immune system. Fight infections.
 2. Cells sprout molecular “hand holds”, like Velcro, at times.
 3. HIV uses these hand-holds to attack cells.
 4. Researchers artificially induce hand-holds by using harsh
laboratory chemicals.
5. Cole asks: What kinds of natural chemicals have same effect?
6. Clues: * AIDS faster among stressed vs. non-stressed
* Stress releases nor-epinephrine
7. Finds: Exposing healthy T cells to nor-epi  more hand-holds.

14. Emotion, Learning, and Memory
Class 13

15. How Emotions Affect Mental Processes
* How emotions affect memory, learning, and judgment
* Emotional intelligence
* Emotions and social judgment

16. Gordon Bower Mood and Cognition Research
1. Memory for past events
2. Learning
3. Higher Order Functions
  * Free associations
  * Fantasies/Imagination
  * Snap judgments
  * Event likelihood
  * Social impressions 
* Self judgment
Gordon Bower

17. State Dependent Memory
Memory associated with an emotional state will be easier to
retrieve when you are in SAME emotional state.
Memory associated with an emotional state will be harder to
retrieve when you are in an OPPOSED emotional state.

18. Scuba Diver Study

19. Bower State Dependent Memory Study
1. Ss learn 16 words in happy mood, then later Ss learn words in a sad mood
2. Ss come back some time later
3. Ss placed in either a happy or a sad mood
4. Ss asked to recall words from "happy" list and from "sad" list.

20. Learning and Recall in Same/Different Moods (Percent Recalled)

21. Number of Happy and Sad Memories Remembered by Happy and Sad Subjects

22. Associative Networks Rutgers Get Maria from airport!! Easy Parking
Fine dining
Rutgers
day-old pizza
Books
Psych Classes
"Friends" re-runs
My friend Maria
Get Maria from airport!!

23. Associative Networks Weekends Emotions Class Happy Fun Readings
Friends
Birthdays
Emotions and cognition
Associative Networks
Mood Congruent Learning!!!

24. Time Spent Looking at Happy/Sad Scenes by Happy/Sad Subjects

25. Number of Happy/Sad Scenes Recalled by Ss Who Studies Scenes in Happy/Sad Mood

26. State Dependent Memory and Mood Congruent Learning
State-Dependent Memory: How mood helps/hurts recall of things that are already learned.   
Mood-Congruent Learning: How mood affects the way in which new information is acquired, i.e. learned.

27. Number of Happy/Sad Story Incidents Recalled by Ss Who Read Story in Happy/Sad Mood

28. Probability of Recalling a Prompt due to Strength of Emotion Generated by the Memory Associated to the Prompt

29. Procedure for Emotional Intensity and Learning Study: Session 1
a. Subjects are hypnotized
b. Ss trained to evoke three different levels of either
happy, sad, or angry

30. Procedure for Emotional Intensity and Learning Study: Session 2
a. Ss access mood they were trained to evoke
b. Imagine self in 4 happy scenes, 4 sad scenes, 4 angry scenes narrated to Ss by the experimenter
1. At emotion level 1 (lowest)
2. At emotion level 2 ( middle)
3. At emotion level 3 (highest)
c. Shift to neutral mood
d. Remove from hypnotic trance
e. Filler task for 5 minutes
f. Free recall of gist of episodes

31. Average free-recall of happy, angry, sad episodes by happy, angry, sad subjects

32. Average Free-Recall For Episodes Under Low, Medium, Or High Intensity Emotion