1. Disease Test Vocabulary Terms Essay/Short Answer Question Review Challenge Questions

2. Vocabulary  Infectious  Noninfectious  Bacteria  Virus  Antibiotic  Antigen  Antibody  Vaccine/vaccination  Pathogens  Immunity  Toxin  HIV/AIDS Immune Response MRSACancerTumorCarcinogenAllergyAllergenHistamineAsthmaDiabetesInsulin

3.  What are the 4 types of pathogens?  Which type of pathogen causes the following illness/disease: colds, flu, Lyme disease, athlete's foot, strep throat, malaria? Pathogens

4. Students will also have 3 essay/short answer questions on the test. The questions are: 1. Explain why a person usually will not get a disease after receiving a vaccination against that disease. (p. 155) 2. Explain why people who have AIDS often get diseases that rarely affect other people. (p. 150) 3. Define asthma and describe two symptoms of the disease. (p. 161)

5. Explain why a person usually will not get a disease after receiving a vaccination against that disease. (p. 155)  Immunity is the body’s ability to destroy pathogens before they can cause disease.  Vaccines contain weakened or killed pathogens. Vaccines work because they cause the body to produce antibodies that act against the pathogen. If the pathogen enters the body later, special cells recognize the pathogen and kill it before it can cause sickness.

6. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome  Explain why people who have AIDS often get diseases that rarely affect other people. (p. 150)  The HIV virus that causes AIDS attacks the immune system and reduces the body’s ability to fight infections by damaging white blood cells.  People who have AIDS have a weakened immune system that cannot protect them from diseases that rarely affect others, so they can get very sick or die from diseases not normally found in people with healthy immune systems.

7. Asthma: Define asthma and describe two symptoms of the disease. (p. 161)  Asthma is a disorder in which the respiratory passages narrow significantly.  The narrowing causes symptoms such as wheezing and shortness of breath.  People with allergies often develop asthma. However, asthma attacks may be brought on by other factors such as stress and exercise.

8. Additional Challenge Questions  Explain why MRSA as an infectious disease is more serious than a normal infection disease pathogen like streptococcus.  Explain how the following parts of the body’s immune system are involved in the body’s immune response: lymphocytes, t-cells, antigens, b-cells, antibodies. (p. 148-149)

9.  The body's first line of defense to keep pathogens out of the body includes barriers such as the skin, breathing passages, the mouth, and the stomach.  If pathogens get past these barriers into the body and begin to damage cells, this triggers the second line of defense, the inflammatory response, in which fluid and white blood cells leak from blood vessels into nearby tissues to fight the pathogens.  Inflammation, or swelling, and fever actually help your body fight the infection. Explain how the following parts of the body’s immune system are involved in the body’s immune response: lymphocytes, t-cells, antigens, b-cells, antibodies. (p. 148- 149)

10.  If a pathogen infection is severe enough to cause a fever, it triggers the body's third line of defense—the immune response.  Lymphocytes are white blood cells that can distinguish between different kinds of pathogens and create antibodies that can destroy the pathogen.  T-cells are lymphocytes that recognize marker molecules, called antigens, on different types of pathogens.  B-cells are lymphocytes that produce proteins, called antibodies, that help destroy pathogens. When antibodies bind to the antigens on a pathogen, they mark the pathogen for destruction. Immune Response

11.  MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA is a “staph” germ that does not get better with the first-line antibiotics that usually cure staph infections. When this occurs, the germ is “resistant” to the antibiotic.  MRSA is the result of decades of often unnecessary antibiotic use. For years, antibiotics have been prescribed for colds, flu and other viral infections that don't respond to these drugs. Even when antibiotics are used appropriately, they contribute to the rise of drug-resistant bacteria because they don't destroy every germ they target. Germs that survive treatment with one antibiotic soon “learn” to resist others.  MRSA infections can resist the effects of many common antibiotics, so they are more difficult to treat. This can allow the infections to spread and sometimes become life-threatening. MRSA: Explain why MRSA as an infectious disease is more serious than a normal infection disease pathogen like streptococcus.

12.  MRSA is treatable. By definition, MRSA is resistant to some antibiotics. But other kinds of antibiotics still work.  Some of these antibiotics are only available intravenously. Unfortunately, there is emerging antibiotic resistance being seen with some of these medications.  If you are prescribed antibiotics, follow your health care provider's instructions precisely. Never stop taking your medicine, even if you're feeling better. If you don't take all of your medicine, some of the staph bacteria may survive. These survivors then have the potential to become resistant to the antibiotic. They also could re-infect you or infect someone else. MRSA Treatment