Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. A Living Language Medical Terminology Chapter 12 Nervous System

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System at a Glance Functions of Nervous System Coordinates and controls body function Receives sensory input Makes decisions Orders body responses

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System at a Glance Organs of Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Nerves

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Combining Forms cephal/ohead cerebell/ocerebellum cerebr/ocerebrum encephal/obrain gli/oglue medull/omedulla

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Combining Forms mening/omeninges meningi/omeninges myel/ospinal cord neur/onerve phas/ospeech poli/ogray matter

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Combining Forms pont/opons radicul/onerve root thalam/othalamus thec/osheath (meninges) ventricul/oventricle

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Suffixes –algesiapain, sensitivity –esthesiafeeling, sensation –paresisweakness –phasiaspeech –plegiaparalysis –taxiamuscle coordination

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Coordinates all activity of body Receives information from both external and internal sensory receptors Uses that information to adjust activity of muscles and glands to match needs of body Nervous system is divided into: Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Central nervous system consists of: Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nervous system consists of: Cranial nerves Spinal nerves

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous Tissue Nervous system composed of two types of cells Neurons Neuroglial cells Neurons Individual nerve cells Capable of conducting electrical impulses

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous Tissue Neurons have three basic parts: Dendrites – highly branched projections that receive impulses Nerve cell body – contains nucleus & organelles Axon – conducts electrical impulse to destination

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.1A – The structure of a neuron.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.1B – Photomicrograph of typical neuron showing the nerve cell body, nucleus, and dendrites.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous Tissue Synapse Point where axon of one neuron meets dendrite of second neuron Synaptic cleft Gap between two neurons in a synapse Electrical impulse cannot cross Neurotransmitter Chemical released by axon Crosses gap to stimulate dendrite of second neuron

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous Tissue Neuroglial cells Variety of cells found in nervous tissue Each has different support function for neurons Some neuroglial cells produce myelin, a fatty substance that acts as insulation for many axons Neuroglial cells do not conduct electrical impulses

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Central Nervous System Combination of the brain and spinal cord Function Receives impulses from all over body Processes this information Responds with action Bundles of nerve fibers interconnecting different parts of CNS are called tracts

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Central Nervous System Consists of both gray and white matter Gray matter Comprised of unsheathed or uncovered cell bodies and dendrites White matter Myelinated nerve fibers

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Brain One of the largest organs in body Coordinates most body activities It is center for: Thoughts Memory Judgment Emotion

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. The Brain Four sections: Cerebrum Cerebellum Diencephalon Brain stem

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.3 – The regions of the brain.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cerebrum Largest section Upper portion Processes: Thoughts Judgment Memory Association skills Ability to discriminate between items

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cerebrum Cerebral cortex Outer layer of cerebrum Composed of folds of gray matter Gyri Elevated portions of the cerebrum, or convolutions Sulci Fissures, or valleys, between gyri

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Lobes of Cerebrum Subdivided into left and right halves called cerebral hemispheres Each hemisphere has four lobes: Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Lobes of Cerebrum Frontal lobe Most anterior lobe Controls motor function, personality, and speech Parietal lobe Most superior portion Receives & interprets nerve impulses Interprets language

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Lobes of Cerebrum Occipital lobe Most posterior Controls vision Temporal lobe Left and right lateral portion Controls hearing and smell

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.4 – The functional regions of the cerebrum.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diencephalon Located below cerebrum Contains two of most critical areas of brain: Thalamus Hypothalamus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diencephalon Thalamus Center for relaying impulses from eyes, ears, and skin to cerebrum Controls perception of pain Hypothalamus Controls body temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotions Controls autonomic nervous system, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system, and release of hormones from pituitary gland

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Cerebellum Second largest portion of brain Located beneath posterior part of cerebrum Aids in: Coordinating voluntary body movements Maintaining balance and equilibrium Refines muscular movements initiated in cerebrum

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Stem Has three components: Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Stem Midbrain Acts as pathway for impulses between brain and spinal cord Pons Means bridge Connects cerebellum to rest of brain Medulla oblongata Most inferior portion of brain Connects brain to spinal cord

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Ventricles Cavities containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Watery, clear fluid Provides shock protection for CNS Locations: One in each cerebral hemisphere One in thalamus One in front of cerebellum

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Spinal Cord Extends from medulla oblongata to second lumbar vertebra Within vertebral column 33 vertebrae of back bone Line up to form continuous canal Called spinal cavity or vertebral canal

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.5A – The levels of the spinal cord and spinal nerves.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Spinal Cord Protected by cerebrospinal fluid Flows through central canal down through spinal cord Outer portion of spinal cord is myelinated white matter Ascending tracts carry sensory information up to brain Descending tracts carry motor commands down from brain to peripheral nerve

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Meninges Protective membrane sac Encases entire CNS Consists of three layers: Dura mater Arachnoid layer Pia mater

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.6 – The meninges.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Meninges Dura mater Means tough mother Outermost, tough, fibrous sac around CNS Subdural space Empty space between dura mater and arachnoid layer

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Meninges Arachnoid layer Means spider-like Thin, delicate layer attached to pia mater by web-like filaments Subarachnoid space Between arachnoid layer and pia mater Contains cerebrospinal fluid

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Meninges Pia mater Means soft mother Innermost membrane layer Applied directly to surface of brain

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Consists of: 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves Cranial nerves Arise from brain Spinal nerves Split off from spinal cord One pair (left and right) exit between each pair of vertebrae

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nerves A nerve: Is a bundle of axon fibers located outside CNS Carries messages between CNS and various parts of body Nerve root Point where nerve is attached to CNS Names of most nerves reflect: Organ the nerve serves Portion of body the nerve is traveling through

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.7 – The major spinal nerves.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Table 12.1 Cranial Nerves IOlfactory sense of smell IIOptic sense of sight IIOculomotor controls eye muscles and pupil of eye IVTrochlear controls oblique muscles of eye VTrigeminal facial sensation and controls muscles for chewing VIAbducens controls eyeball muscles to turn eye to side

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Table 12.1 Cranial Nerves VIIFacial controls facial muscles for expression, salivation, and taste on two-thirds of tongue (anterior) VIIIVestibulocochlear sense of equilibrium and hearing IXGlossopharyngeal sensation from pharynx and taste on one-third of tongue XVagus supplies most organs in abdominal and thoracic cavities XIAccessory controls neck and shoulder muscles XIIHypoglossal controls tongue muscles

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Neurons Each nerve can carry information both to and from CNS But any individual neuron can carry information in only one direction Either an: Afferent neuron Efferent neuron

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Neurons Afferent neurons Also called sensory neurons Carry sensory information from sensory receptor to CNS Efferent neurons Also called motor neurons Carry activity instructions from CNS to muscles or glands

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Divisions of PNS Nerves of PNS are subdivided into two divisions Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Somatic nerves Each division serves different area of body

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Control of involuntary or unconscious bodily functions It may increase or decrease the activity of: Smooth muscle found in viscera and blood vessels Cardiac muscle of heart Glands ANS divided into 2 branches: Sympathetic branch Parasympathetic branch

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) Sympathetic branch Stimulates body in times of stress and crisis Increases heart rate, dilates airways, increases blood pressure, inhibits digestion, and stimulates production of adrenaline Parasympathetic branch Serves as counterbalance for sympathetic nerves Causes heart rate to slow down, lowers blood pressure, and stimulates digestion

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Somatic Nerves Mainly involved with conscious and voluntary activities of body Serve skin and skeletal muscles Carry information from sensory receptors of skin Such as touch, temperature, pressure, and pain Carry motor commands to skeletal muscles

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with cephal/o, cerebell/o and cerebr/o –arcerebellarpertaining to cerebellum –itiscerebellitisinflammation of cerebellum –algiacephalalgiahead pain –alcerebralpertaining to cerebrum spin/o –al cerebrospinal pertaining to cerebrum and spine

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with encephal/o, meningi/o and mening/o electr/o –gram electroencephalogram record of brain electricity –itisencephalitisbrain inflammation –omameningiomameninges tumor –ealmeningealpertaining to meninges –itismeningitismeninges inflammation

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with neur/o –alneuralpertaining to nerve –algianeuralgianerve pain –ectomyneurectomyremoval of nerve –ologistneurologistnerve specialist –omaneuromanerve tumor

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with neur/o –pathyneuropathynerve disease –plastyneuroplastysurgical repair of nerve poly– –itis polyneuritis inflammation of many nerves –rrhaphyneurorrhaphysuture a nerve

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with myel/o and pont/o –inepontinepertaining to pons –grammyelogramspinal cord record –itismyelitis inflammation of spinal cord

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Word Building with radicul/o, thalam/o and thec/o –itisradiculitisnerve root inflammation –pathyradiculopathynerve root disease –icthalamicpertaining to thalamus intra– –alintrathecal pertaining to inside meninges

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Vocabulary anesthesiology the use of anesthesia for surgical procedures, resuscitation, and pain management neurology diagnosis and treatment of diseases of nervous system neurosurgery treating nervous system disease by surgical means

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Vocabulary aura sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure or migraine; such as seeing colors convulsion alternating between strong involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations seizure sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms; such as in epileptic seizure focal seizure seizure in only one limb or body part syncopefainting

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Vocabulary consciousawake and aware of surroundings unconscious unaware of surroundings; unable to respond to stimuli comastate of profound unconsciousness paresthesia abnormal sensations such as burning or tingling tremor involuntary repetitive alternating movements

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Vocabulary deliriumconfusion, disorientation, and agitation dementiaimpaired intellectual function hemiparesisweakness on one side of body paralysis temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement hemiplegiaparalysis on one side of body paraplegiaparalysis of lower portion of body palsyloss of ability to control movements

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology Alzheimer’s disease disorder characterized by progressive dementia, disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory astrocytoma malignant tumor originating in astrocytes, a neuroglial cell brain tumor intracranial mass; may be malignant or benign; dangerous because occupies space cerebral aneurysm ballooning of cerebral artery; may cause stroke

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology cerebral contusion bruising of brain from impact; symptoms last longer than 24 hrs; include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupils concussion brain injury from impact; symptoms last less than 24 hrs cerebral palsy (CP) brain damage results from defect, trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time of birth

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology cerebrovascular accident (CVA) infarct due to loss of blood supply to brain; may be due to hemorrhage, thrombus, embolus, or compression; commonly called a stroke transient ischemic attack (TIA) temporary interference with blood supply to brain; may lead to a CVA migraine specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology epilepsy seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain tonic-clonic seizure epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms; formerly called grand mal absence seizure epileptic seizure characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity; formerly called petit mal

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Brain Pathology hydrocephalus accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles Parkinson’s disease chronic disorder of brain with tremors, weakness, muscle rigidity, and shuffling gait Reye syndrome acute encephalopathy and organ damage; follows viral infection and associated with taking aspirin

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Spinal Cord Pathology amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) degeneration of motor neurons of spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig’s disease poliomyelitis viral infection affecting spinal cord; paralysis may be mild and temporary or severe and permanent spinal cord injury (SCI) damage to spinal cord due to trauma; may be bruised and recover or severed and permanent

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Spinal Cord Pathology spina bifida congenital defect where lamina of vertebra do not meet or close to form spinal canal meningocele protrusion of meninges sac through opening left by spina bifida defect myelomeningocele protrusion of meninges and spinal cord through opening left by spina bifida defect

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.13 – Spina bifida.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nerve Pathology Bell’s palsy one-sided facial paralysis due to inflammation of facial nerve caused by virus Guillain-Barré syndrome temporary loss of myelin sheath; may be autoimmune; starts in legs and progresses up nervous system multiple sclerosis (MS) loss of myelin sheath; results in weakness and numbness

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nerve Pathology myasthenia gravis muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at synapses shingles eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Meninges Pathology epidural hematoma mass of blood in space outside dura mater subdural hematoma mass of blood forming inside subdural space; due to torn meningeal blood vessel; space occupying lesion

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Figure 12.15 – A subdural hematoma.

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests cerebrospinal fluid analysis examination of CSF; may detect infections and blood in the fluid

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging brain scan image of brain after injection of radioactive isotopes into bloodstream cerebral angiography X-ray of cerebral blood vessels after injection of radiopaque dye echoencephalographyultrasound image of brain

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging myelography X-ray of spinal cord after injection of radiopaque dye into spinal canal positron emission tomography (PET) use of positive radionuclides to construct an image of the brain; image reveals metabolic activity of brain areas

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Additional Diagnostic Tests Babinski’s reflex reflex test that reveals nervous system lesions; performed by stroking sole of foot electroencephalography (EEG) records the electrical activity of brain lumbar puncture puncture to remove CSF for examination nerve conduction velocity measures speed at which an impulse travels along a nerve; reveals nerve damage

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Surgical Treatments carotid endarterectomy removes blockage of major artery in neck that carries blood to brain by removing inner lining of the artery cerebrospinal fluid shunt shunt carries CSF from ventricle to abdominal cavity; treats hydrocephalus laminectomy removes part of vertebra; relieves pressure on spinal nerve tractotomy surgical cut of nerve tract; treats severe chronic pain

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Pharmacology analgesic treats minor to moderate pain, non-narcotic Tylenol, Aleve anesthetic produces loss of sensation or consciousness Xylocaine, Novocain anticonvulsant reduces nerve excitability to prevent seizures Tegretol, Nembutal dopaminergic drugs treats Parkinson’s disease L-dopa, Sinemet

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Nervous System Pharmacology hypnoticpromotes sleepSeconal, Restoril narcotic analgesic treats severe pain OxyContin, Demerol sedative calming or relaxing effect Amytal, Butisol

Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle.

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Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle.

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Presentation on theme: "Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle."— Presentation transcript:

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