1. Higher Geography URBAN GEOGRAPHY http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/learningzone/clips/7811/

7. Task Using a local map try to identify the site factors for Peebles.

10. http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning/learningzone/clips/7771/ The influence of geology on our landscape Duration: 04:42 Modern digital terrain model technology is transforming our perceptions of geology and the influence of rock type on both the physical and human landscape.

11. Site Factors Bridging point Dry point (away from flood risks) Nodal point Defensive Wet point (reliable water supply) building materials (stone or wood) fertile land shelterered from winds fuel supply (wood) south-facing slope (aspect) flat land, easy to build on natural harbour Situation Factors route centre gap town (A town located in a pass to an upland area which benefits from being a focus of routes.) lowest bridging point on a river port minerals for export Site and Situation The location and growth of an settlement depended upon its site and situation. The site was the actual place where people decided to locate their settlement. The growth of that settlement then depended upon its situation in relation to accessibility and availability of natural resources. Task - Copy these notes

12. Barcelona's Site and Situation Task Using Google Earth or an Atlas try to confirm the following for Barcelona's Site and Situation SiteSituation Hill for defence Reliable water supply for drinking and power Fertile farmland Flat land for building Sheltered by hills to the north South-facing slope Natural harbour Construction material Bridging point Port Route Centre Limestone quarries Close to wealthy NW European markets Barcelona's Site and Situation

17. Function of settlements RURAL19th Century (MEDC) 20 th Century (MEDC) 20 th Century (LEDC) Market - FarmingMiningAdministration Route CentreManufacturing Market - Farming Small Service Town Route Centre Route Centre or port DefensiveReligiousServiceMining Dormitory and Overspill Trade / Commerce Commercial Cultural / Religious Service Resort / Recreation Residential New Towns

18. Classification of Settlements SETTLEMENT RURAL (COUNTRYSIDE) HamletVillageMarket Town URBAN (BUILT UP AREAS) Large TownCity Conurbation (Megalopolis)

22. Central Place Theory Central Place Theory suggests that there is a pattern in the distribution and location of settlements of different sizes, and also, in the ways in which they provided services to people living within their sphere of influence. The ideal shape for the sphere of influence of a central place is circular, as then the distance from it to all points on the boundary is equal. BUT – circles leave some areas without services and some are served by more than one central place. Hexagons are used instead in order to fully (and equally) cover the whole area.

23. Central Place Theory

25. Urbanisation Urbanisation is an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas (towns and cities). On a world scale this has happened twice: In MEDCs – during the 19 th century due to industrialisation. In LEDCs – since the 1950s due to a high natural increase and migration from rural to urban areas.

26. Terminology Urbanisation: Growth of cities and towns Suburbanisation: People and industries move out to the edge of towns and cities Counter-urbanisation: Movement of industry and people to small settlements outside urban areas. Re-urbanisation: The movement of industry and people back into urban areas (left abandoned after industrial closure or suburbanisation)

27. World’s Largest Cities - 2006

28. Most populated urban areas

29. Task Answer the following questions: 1Describe the location of the world’s major cities. 2Describe how the location of the world’s largest cities has changed between 1900 and 2000.

30. Counterurbanisation Urbanisation is now in decline in some MEDCs and has been replaced by counterurbanisation. People are now moving back out of cities to rural areas because of problems such as crime, unemployment, traffic congestion and social problems such as vandalism. Many people still work in the city but live in the cleaner environment of the countryside. For example in dormitory towns and commuter settlements.