1. Socialism and African Development PIA 2574 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfUdOREnsDo

2. Socialism- One View

3. Socialism in Africa At Issue: new look at development strategy? the role that ideology has played in effecting performance of state (Anti-Socialism a self-ascribed ideology)

4. Non-socialist Ideologies

5. The Socialist Framework Dependency as an alternative form of analysis to Modernization Socialist Assumptions (Redistribution, autarky and collective ownership) Influence of socialist ideas since 1965 in Africa

6. The first assumption is that it is the duty of the community to insure its individual members against individual misfortune. The second is that, just as the carrying capacity of a bridge is measured by the strength of its weakest support, so the quality of a society should be measured by the quality of life of its weakest members

8. Tanzania’s Ujamaa Policy President Julius Nyerere Arusha Declaration: 1967: Socialist Declaration- Control Commanding Heights Collectivism and Self-Reliance An approach to agricultural class formation

9. Tanzania Socialism

10. Arusha Declaration Celebration 1971

11. The 1960s-Voluntary Collective Farms Goal: create villages from small family households Self-sustaining economic units of 20-30 families Primary target- the subsistence farmer 1968- official policy but voluntary Issue: Forced Settlements

12. Villagization- Up to 5000 people

13. 1970s Goal: Prevention of a rural proletariat 1970- Few villages established Government Spending only on “ujamaa villages” Popular Response- poorest areas of the country marginal farming/pastoral areas

15. After 1973 Targets the wealthier areas and the rich farmers “Kulaks”

16. Russian Kulaks

17. 1975 Forced Collectivization and Collapse of Policy

18. Problems with Ujamaa Tanzaphilia- “Socialism and the Field Administrator” Shift from voluntary to compulsory: “Burning Houses” Shift from goal of local level decision- making and village autonomy to centralized decision-making and standardized policies

19. “What is Tanzaphilia? It is neither a disease nor an exotic flower. It is a political romantic spell: the kind experienced by Western Marxists” Ali Mazrui

20. Problems: Collectivization Forced, use of state violence Villages became very large: 3000-5000 people or more (Resembled State Farms) Target: Universal villagization by the end of 1976 Resistance from Wealthy Farmers Result: Food Shortages

21. Zimbabwe Supermarket c. 2004

22. Government Reaction Withdrawal from World System Drought, Agricultural Mismanagement Agricultural Collapse 1983- Tanzania Moves Towards Policy Reform Membership in the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Group

23. HIPIC Africa

24. SAPS- Increase Capital Flows and Exports, decrease health and education. Food costs increase.

25. Regime Types in Africa (Crawford Young) 1. African (Socialist) and mixed Economy regimes: pragmatism or African capitalism (Kenya and Senegal in 1960s) 2. Socialist- Populist (Tanzania, Zambia, Mozambique in 1970s)

26. African Regimes 3. Afro-Marxist or Leninist Vanguard regimes (Angola, Benin 1980s) 4. Marxist-Leninist- (Ethiopia under Dergue) 5.Post-Structural Adjustment Regimes Mozambique, Uganda and Ghana (1990s)

27. Lenin in Addis, 1992

28. Attractiveness of an ideology Impact of Policy on development in the 1980s Will effect rule making and resource allocation Ideology does make a difference

29. Attractiveness of an ideology There is a measure of internal slack or decision-making authority A choice that can be made (in terms of dependency) that can be made internally Thus Socialist Policies can be tested

30. Evaluation criteria- Socialism (1965-1985)

31. Growth 1. Growth is still important- though downplays mineral induced growth and tourism 2. Focus is on peasant based subsistence agriculture rather than export commercial agriculture

32. Subsistence Agriculture

33. Result Import Substitution, inflation and decline of food production

34. Import Substitution Products in Oman

35. Equity or distribution: Effects 1. Effect of taxation- especially indirect tax mechanisms (extractive) 2. Pricing policies deflate income for agricultural commodities 3. Relocation of rural resources to urban areas 4. Wage control policies (no strike clauses)

36. Debates about Urban Bias

37. Autonomy and self-reliance- 1. Delinkage from the international economy (Autarky) 2. Increased debt burden, continued use of expatriate personnel as planners (often sympathetic) 3. Exploitation of natural resources and foreign exchange outflow

38. Autarky?

39. Exploitation of Human Rights 1. Goal- human dignity 2. Reality of repression- movement of peoples 3. Economic and political refugees 4. Increased size of security forces

40. Human Security Issues

41. Development capacity: Goals and Results 1. Ability to plan and manage state resources and stimulate economic behavior change 2. Expansion of the social capacity of the state 3. The African disaster- Tyrants, corruption and Skimmed public resources?

42. Jeanne Kirkpatrick, former Reagan U.N. Ambassador She is said to have stated, Mobutu “may be a Son of a Bitch but he is our Son of a Bitch”

43. Socialism Why has it Failed? Or Has it?

44. Group Presentations