1. PubMed Overview From the HINARI Content page, we can access PubMed by clicking on Search inside HINARI full-text using PubMed. Note: If you do not properly sign on, you will not have access to full text articles from the HINARI/PubMed database.

2. In October 2009, the PubMed display was re- designed in a simpler and more intuitive fashion. Remember to access PubMed through HINARI or you will not have access to the full-text articles.

3. The bottom part of the initial PubMed page that is displayed here contains hypertext links to numerous databases and tools produced by the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Note the Bookshelf option that gives you access to numerous full text e-books.

4. The Search box on PubMed is active. Place your search statement in the box. In this example, we enter a search for malaria infections AND Africa into the Search or query box. To execute the query, click on the Search button.

5. Results of the search are displayed in the main body of the page in Summary Format, 20 Items per Page and Recently Added Sort by options. This is the default setting when you complete a search. Note the two additional filters for Free Full Text and HINARI articles. These have been created in the HINARI/PubMed searches saved in My NCBI (see module 4.5). Of the 4849 articles, 2159 are available via the HINARI filter and 2115 with Free full text filter ( there are some overlaps).

6. Note the useful options in the right column of the PubMed search results: Sort by Relevance (new October 2013) option Results by year graph Titles with your search terms listing free full-text articles in PubMed Central (a U.S. National Institute of Health repository) Search details that include all fields (keyword) AND MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) Terms. (below those displayed)

7. Note the additional hypertext link for Free article. By clicking on this link, you will be re- directed to the Abstract display and be able to access the full text. Also note how the terms of the search – malaria, infections and Africa - are bolded if found in the title.

8. If you click on the Free Article or Free PMC Article hyperlinks, you are re-directed to the Abstract display. Click on the Full text for publication link to the publisher’s website and the full text article.

9. We now will set the Display Settings drop down menu for the Abstract Format, 20 Items per Page and Recently Added Sort by options. To activate these options, you will click on the Apply box.

10. Note the Abstract Format with 20 Items per page and the Recently Added Sort by options are displayed in the Display Settings line above the abstract. Note the Free Full Text and HINARI Filters. We now will click on the HINARI one.

11. After clicking on the HINARI or Publisher’s icon in the Abstract display, a list of all the HINARI articles appears with the HINARI icon. By clicking on this icon or the publisher’s icon, the full-text article will display. The Free Full Text filter will work in the same way. Note that some articles will have both the HINARI and Free Full Text icons in the Abstract display.

12. In August 2010, PubMed enhanced the Abstract display. For ‘structured abstracts’, the key headings (INTRODUCTION, RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS and KEYWORDS) are listed at the beginning of each paragraph. Approximately 25% of the citations in PubMed use this format.

13. At the bottom of each citation, there is the Related citations option. The results of this search is 100 articles with 45 Free Full Text and 79 HINARI articles.

14. We now view the Display Settings drop down menu for the Medline Format, 20 Items per Page and Recently Added Sort by options. To display click on the Apply box.

15. Note the listing of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms in the Medline option. These MeSH terms are assigned by the National Library of Medicine for the indexing in PubMed. The terms can be used to make searches broader or more precise.

16. We now view the Display Settings drop down menu for the Summary Format, 200 Items per Page and Relevance Sort by options. To activate, click on the Apply box. Note: The relevance sort order is based on an algorithm that analyzes each PubMed citation. For each search query, "weight" is calculated depending on how many search terms are found and in which fields they are found plus a higher weight for recently-published articles.

17. The larger listing of 200 Citations is useful in low-bandwidth situations. These Summaries are Sorted by Relevance.

18. We now view the Display Settings drop down menu for the Summary Format, 20 Items per Page and Sort by Title options.

19. By using the Sorted by Title option, this list of citations begins with National Institute of Health book chapters and then the articles are listed by title.

20. Another option for accessing the full-text article is to use the PubMed ID #. In HINARI/PubMed, enter the ID number in the search box. The abstract version will be displayed. If this article is a free full text or HINARI article, the icon/link will be in the top right corner of the page.

21. From the Send To drop down menu, we will be able to select the File, Collections, Order, Clipboard, E-mail and other options.

22. You must place check marks in the boxes to the left of the citations that you wish to send to File, Collections, Order, Clipboard and E-mail options. If you do not place check marks in the boxes, the entire search will be sent to the option you choose.

23. From the Send To drop down menu, we will click on File, with the Abstract and Recently Added options. This will be a document to be downloaded from your Search. Note how PubMed lists the # of citations you have checked.

24. The pubmed_results has displayed as a.txt file at the bottom of this web browser. We will use Notepad to display the file. Note: This file is displayed in Google Chrome. In other web browsers, this will display in different places.

25. We now view the text from a downloaded.txt file in Notepad. You can save this file to the C:/ drive or a flash drive or a CD-Rom. Once saved, you can print the document. Note: these are the citations of the articles. Go to the HINARI Journals Collection list to access the full-text documents.

26. From the Send To drop down menu, we have selected to E-mail a file, with the Summary and Recently added options. This will be a document to be sent to the e-mail address you entered as the recipient.

27. In the above message, PubMed has noted that an E-mail has been sent to the e-mail address you entered as the recipient.

28. Exercises 8-11 Complete exercises 8-11 in the workbook.