1. Human Origins in Africa
Archaeologists- scientists who study ancient settlements
Anthropologists- scientists who study ancient culture
Paleontologists- scientists who study fossils

2. Footprints Found
1970’s Mary Leakey finds prehistoric footprints in Tanzania (East Africa) preserved in volcano ash
Australopithecines- form of hominid that is upright walking and had opposable thumbs.

3. Discovery of Lucy
Donald Johanson explores Ethiopia, and finds a skeleton of an adult hominid (3.5 million years old)
Named Lucy after “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” song

4. Stone Age Begins
Mastery of fire, development of language, and impressive technological advancements
Paleolithic Age (Old Stone)- 2.5 million years ago until 8,000 BC (hunter-gatherers). Much during the Ice Ages.
Neolithic Age (New Stone)- 8,000 BC until 3,000 BC (agriculturalists, artisans, innovators)
Australopithecines replaced by by homo habilis (man of skill). They used primitive tools to crack bones and open carcasses. These guys were later replaced by homo erectus (upright man). More intelligent and adaptable species who were inventors. Also the first hominids to migrate from Africa. They were the first to use fire and develop a spoken language

5. Modern Humans
Homo erectus develops into homo sapien (wise man). Had larger brains, but otherwise looked similar (cro-magnons).
Neanderthal- powerful people who had religious beliefs and were more sophisticated than the “man with club” image. Found in Germany, they were resourceful enough to survive the Ice Age winters. Mysteriously disappeared about 30,000 years ago.
Cro-Magnons- arrived 40,000 years ago, and are identical to modern humans. About 5.5 feet tall, and migrated to Europe and Asia from Africa. They made new tools, and were better hunters. More advanced language increased communication, which helped them exterminate Neanderthals.

6. Humans Try to Control Nature
Nomads- ppl who move from place to place foraging. Depends on migrations of animals
Hunter-gatherers- depend on animals and crops
Art in Paleolithic Age
Made necklaces of bear claws, seashells, and lion teeth
Created intricate cave paintings

7. Beginnings of Agriculture
Neolithic Revolution- agricultural revolution about 10,000 years ago. Movement from food-gathering to food-producing
Early farming methods: slash-and-burn- cut trees/grasses and burn them to clear a field. Ashes fertilized soil. Would move around from year to year.

8. Domestication of Animals
Tamed horses, goats, dogs, and pigs. Helped travel and also provided an additional source of food
Villages Grow
Farming develops in many places (Africa around the Nile, China around the Yellow River, Mexico and in Central America around the Amazon, and Peru in the Andes Mountains.
CATAL HUYUK
Located in Turkey
Home to 5-6 thousand people who lived in houses that looked like a honeycomb
Showed the benefits of settled life b/c people were able to specialize
Some setbacks- invasion, fire, drought
Displayed how villages could lead to cities (trading centers)

9. Civilization (Ur) Villages grow into Cities How civilization develops
Economic changes- improved irrigation led to surplus of food, and allowed some ppl to specialize in other trades. Artisans, farmers, and others needed a place to trade their goods. Two inventions (wheel and sail) helped increase trading.
Social changes- new economy changes social structure. People begin to believe in gods of rain, wind, and other natural forces.
How civilization develops
First civilization develops in Sumer, Mesopotamia (Iraq)
Civilization needs 5 traits (advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology)
Cities aren’t reliant on population, but on trading
Specialized workers allowed a variety of goods to be traded
Complex institutions were necessary to rule people (government, religion, etc.)
Record keeping becomes important to write laws, collect taxes (Sumerian cuneiform)

10. How civilization develops (cont.)
Cuneiform replaced pictographs. It was typically written on clay tablets by scribes
Improved technology was needed to solve emerging
-Bronze Age: around 3,000 BC, Sumerian artisans melt copper and tin to make bronze, which is more efficient in tools and weapons.

11. Ur City in Sumer on the banks of the Euphrates River (Iraq)
30,000 ppl lived there, and social status was obvious
Trading revolved around barter, which is trading without currency
Religious pyramid temple called ziggurat (“mountain of God”)
Specialization allowed for food surplus, and variety of goods for trading