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Essential Idea Compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are used to supply and store energy.
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Understandings. Monosaccharide monomers are linked together by condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers.
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IB Assessment Statement
List three examples each of monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. The examples used should be: glucose, galactose and fructose; maltose, lactose and sucrose; starch, glycogen and cellulose.
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Sugars: monosaccharides
Monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O Monosaccharide is a molecule made up of one type of sugar Glucose is the most common monosaccharide
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Monosaccharide: Glucose
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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Monosaccharide: Ribose
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
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Disaccharides: Two Sugars
A disaccharide is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides Animation: Disaccharides
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Disaccharides: Two Sugars
Disaccharide examples: Lactose formed from a bond between Galactose and glucose Animation: Disaccharides
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Disaccharides: Two Sugars
Disaccharide examples: Sucrose formed from a bond between fructose and glucose Animation: Disaccharides
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Application Application: Structure and function of cellulose and starch in plants and glycogen in humans. Skill: Use of molecular visualization software to compare cellulose, starch and glycogen.
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Polysaccharides: Many Sugars
Starch Formed from many glucose molecules Used for energy storage in plants Animation: Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides: Many Sugars
Glycogen Formed from many glucose molecules Energy storage for animals Animation: Disaccharides
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Polysaccharides: Many Sugars
Cellulose Formed from many glucose molecules Structural support for plants Animation: Disaccharides
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Polysaccharide Comparisons
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Know the structures of the following carbohydrate
glucose, galactose, fructose maltose, lactose and sucrose Starch, glycogen, cellulose Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides
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IB Assessment Statement
State one function of glucose, lactose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose and cellulose in plants.
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Carbohydrate functions in Animals
Glucose – used as a substrate for respiration or converted to glycogen for storage. Lactose – produced by mammary glands and secreted in milk as an important part of the diet of young mammals Glycogen – energy storage
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Carbohydrate functions in Plants
Glucose – a product of photosynthesis. Fructose – produced as an intermediate substrate during glucose breakdown during respiration. Used in production of sucrose Cellulose – component of cell walls/ structural support in plants Starch – energy storage
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Carbohydrate tutorial
Click on the Carbohyrdate tutorial below
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IB Assessment Statement
Outline the role of condensation & hydrolysis reaction the relationships between monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides;
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Hydrolysis vs. Condensation
Adds water Breaks down polymers into monomers Example: Breaks down starch into glucose Condensation Removes water Forms new bonds between monomers forming polymers Example: glucose and fructose are bonded together to form sucrose
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Building and Breakdown disaccharides and Polysaccharides
Condensation (dehydration) and Hydrolysis Reactions
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One Type of Condensation (dehydration) Reactions
Occurs between monosaccharide and forms disaccharides and polysaccharides
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Disaccharides & Dehydration/ Condensation Reaction
When two monosaccharides join together a hydrogen is released from one monosaccharide & a hydroxide is removed from another Hydrogen and hydroxide bond together to form water Animation: Disaccharides
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Condensation (dehydration) Reaction in carbohydrates
Starch glucose glucose Fructose glucose Sucrose
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One type of hydrolysis reactions
Breakdown of disaccharide or polysaccharides into monosaccharide
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Flashcards Make a flashcard of the following: 1st side but the name:
glucose, Lactose Glycogen (describe structure) fructose, sucrose Cellulose (describe structure) Ribose Starch (describe structure) 2nd side put State one function of glucose, lactose, ribose and glycogen in animals, and of fructose, sucrose, ribose and cellulose in plants. Draw/ describe the structure of the molecule
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Understandings. Triglycerides are formed by condensation from three fatty acids and one glycerol.
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Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
Lipids occur in living things as animal fat and plant oils The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no attraction for water Lipids are hydrophobic because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form nonpolar covalent bonds The most biologically important lipids are fats, phospholipids, and steroids
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Fats and Oils Fats are constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol (an alcohol) and fatty acids Glycerol is a three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group (--OH) attached to each carbon A fatty acid consists of a carboxyl group (--COOH) attached to a long carbon skeleton
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Structure of fat and oils
Fatty acid Glycerol
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Fats and oils are compounds called triglycerides
In a fat, three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by an ester linkage a triglyceride In cells, enzymes catalyze the formation of triglyerides, and also the breakdown of glycerides by hydrolysis
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Below is a figure representing the Structure of Triglycerides
Ester linkage Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
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IB Assessment Statements
Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships between between fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides; and between amino acids and polypeptides.
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Condensation reaction between glycerol & fatty acids form lipids
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Phospholipids Phospholipids has a similar chemical structure to triglycerides. In a phospholipid, one of the fatty acids is replaced by a phosphate group (--PO4) The over structure of a phospholipid consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head
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LE 5-13 Choline Hydrophilic head Phosphate Glycerol Hydrophobic tails
Fatty acids Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails Structural formula Space-filling model Phospholipid symbol
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When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into a bilayer, with the hydrophobic tails pointing toward the interior The structure of phospholipids results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes Phospholipids are the major component of all cell membranes
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Cell Membrane WATER Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails WATER
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Lipid Tutorial Below: Click below for the lipid tutorial
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Understandings. Fatty acids can be saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated. Unsaturated fatty acids can be cis or trans isomers.
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Mono vs Poly UNSATURATED FATs
Monounsaturated Fats- One double bond in the hydrocarbon chain Polyunsaturated Fats More than one double bond exists in the hydrocarbon chain
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Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids
Polyunsaturated fats are hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated, Hydrogenated means that double bonds in the fatty acid are broken and hydrogen are added. Poly and Mono Unsaturated fats becomes saturated through the process of hydrogenation.
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Saturated (trans) vs. Unsaturated (cis)
Mono and Poly Unsaturated fatty acids are naturally curved. Saturated fatty acids are straight.
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Trans fatty acid are saturated, no double bonds and straight.
Trans vs. Cis Cis fatty acids are unsaturated, contain a double bond in the fatty acid chain and are curved. An example of a cis fatty acid is Omega -3 Trans fatty acid are saturated, no double bonds and straight. Vast majority of trans fatty acid are the result of food process (i.e. hydrogenation)
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CHD is coronary heart disease
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Why are Trans fats bad? VIDEOS
Simple video GOOD VIDEO BELOW: Lipid Video Biochemistry & human physiology of fat in the blood ( 1 hour long lecture)
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Omega-3 and Omega 6 Fatty Acids
The name omega 3 and omega 6 comes from which numbered carbon has the double bond.
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Nature of Science Evaluating claims—health claims made about lipids in diets need to be assessed. (5.2)
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Why are Trans fats bad? The Shape of trans fats make them bad for your cardiovascular system. Saturated trans fats are linear and thus they lay flat against your arteries making is more difficult for them to flow with your passing blood. These linear, saturated, trans fatty acids combine with cholesterol and form a substance called plaque and can be deposited along the walls of your arteries blocking or slowing blood flow. It this happens in the coronary arteries you can have a heart attack.
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Application Application: Lipids are more suitable for long-term energy storage in humans than carbohydrates.
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Energy Content in Food Fats contain more than twice as much energy per 100 grams than carbohydrates and proteins Carbohydrates: 1,760 kJ per 100 g Proteins: 1,720 kJ per 100 g Fats: 4,000 kJ per 100 g
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Skills Determination of body mass index by calculation or use of a nomogram.
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A.2.5 Calculate body mass index (BMI) from the body mass and height of a person
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A.2.6 Distinguish, using the body mass index, between being underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese • Underweight – below 18.5 • Normal weight – 18.5 to 24.9 • Overweight – 25 to 29.9 • Obese – above 30.0
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Body Mass Index
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