1. Accessibility project in Denmark Phase 1 - Collect data, define congestion, establish methods to estimate congestion and the marginal congestion costs. Test methods on limited areas. Prepare detailed program for the analyses in phase 2. Phase 2 - Use the methods developed in phase 1 to estimate the total volume of congestion in the Copen- hagen area and calculate the marginal congestion costs. Develop a model to calculate and project congestion as well as methods for the continuous recording of congestion based on dynamic data. Finally present the results of the project. Phase 1 - Collect data, define congestion, establish methods to estimate congestion and the marginal congestion costs. Test methods on limited areas. Prepare detailed program for the analyses in phase 2. Phase 2 - Use the methods developed in phase 1 to estimate the total volume of congestion in the Copen- hagen area and calculate the marginal congestion costs. Develop a model to calculate and project congestion as well as methods for the continuous recording of congestion based on dynamic data. Finally present the results of the project.

2. Background 1 Traffic growth creates growing problems - pollution, safety, noise, congestion, etc. - especially in larger cities all over the world. In Copenhagen the congestion problems now restrict mobility for both car and public transport users. There are no universal definitions on congestion, nor are there established, operational methods to estimate it. Traffic growth creates growing problems - pollution, safety, noise, congestion, etc. - especially in larger cities all over the world. In Copenhagen the congestion problems now restrict mobility for both car and public transport users. There are no universal definitions on congestion, nor are there established, operational methods to estimate it.

3. Background 2 There is a need for knowledge concerning how the effects and related costs of congestion can be measured and computed. There is a need for knowledge concerning the volume and spreading of congestion. The general objective of the study is therefore to produce new knowledge in this field. There is a need for knowledge concerning how the effects and related costs of congestion can be measured and computed. There is a need for knowledge concerning the volume and spreading of congestion. The general objective of the study is therefore to produce new knowledge in this field.

4. Objective - questions to be answered What is congestion - which parameters are needed to estimate congestion ? How large is the congestion problem in the Copenhagen area - how is it developing ? How large are the short- and long-term marginal congestion costs ? How can congestion be measured by dynamic data ? What is congestion - which parameters are needed to estimate congestion ? How large is the congestion problem in the Copenhagen area - how is it developing ? How large are the short- and long-term marginal congestion costs ? How can congestion be measured by dynamic data ?

5. Project Overview Participants: –Danish Road Administration –Municipality of Copenhagen –HT –CTT, Denmark’s Technical University –Institute of Economics, University of Copenhagen –COWI Financed by: –Danish Transport Research Board –Danish Ministry of Transport 8 man years, over 2½ years Participants: –Danish Road Administration –Municipality of Copenhagen –HT –CTT, Denmark’s Technical University –Institute of Economics, University of Copenhagen –COWI Financed by: –Danish Transport Research Board –Danish Ministry of Transport 8 man years, over 2½ years

6. Phase 1 - flow of work 1 Review of Danish and international projects dealing with: Definition of congestion; Estimation of congestion (traffic intensity, travel speed, etc.); Reasons for congestion (traffic volume, road type, etc.); Effects of congestion (loss of time, uncertain time of arrival, unanticipated delay, environment and safety, etc.) In order to define the concept of congestion. Review of Danish and international projects dealing with: Definition of congestion; Estimation of congestion (traffic intensity, travel speed, etc.); Reasons for congestion (traffic volume, road type, etc.); Effects of congestion (loss of time, uncertain time of arrival, unanticipated delay, environment and safety, etc.) In order to define the concept of congestion.

7. Definition of congestion Causes of congestion - Traffic amount - Road type - Blockings... Causes of congestion - Traffic amount - Road type - Blockings... Measurement of congestion - Traffic intensity - Travel speed... Measurement of congestion - Traffic intensity - Travel speed... Impacts from congestion - Travel time loss - Altered arrival time - Uncertain arrival time - Unanticipated delays - Environment and accidents... Impacts from congestion - Travel time loss - Altered arrival time - Uncertain arrival time - Unanticipated delays - Environment and accidents...

8. Phase 1 - flow of work 2 On basis of study definitions parameters to estimate congestion and its effects are identified - like marginal values for travel speed, traffic intensity, loss of time, etc. - The study will most likely be limited to analysing car and public bus traffic in the Copenhagen area (the case). For the different areas, road categories and road users methods to estimate congestion are developed. - The study will include use of the TRIM-system, manual traffic countings, measure cars and busses, detectors, video, interviews, GPS-measurements, etc. On basis of study definitions parameters to estimate congestion and its effects are identified - like marginal values for travel speed, traffic intensity, loss of time, etc. - The study will most likely be limited to analysing car and public bus traffic in the Copenhagen area (the case). For the different areas, road categories and road users methods to estimate congestion are developed. - The study will include use of the TRIM-system, manual traffic countings, measure cars and busses, detectors, video, interviews, GPS-measurements, etc.

9. Related Danish projects TRIM (VD) EU demonstration project on road pricing (Copenhagen Municipality) Accessibility for buses in Copenhagen (HT ; Mun. Of Copenhagen) TRIM (VD) EU demonstration project on road pricing (Copenhagen Municipality) Accessibility for buses in Copenhagen (HT ; Mun. Of Copenhagen)

10. Phase 1 - flow of work 3 Methods for calculating the marginal congestion costs (pr. driven km) are developed - for different types of road users, types of roads and times of day/ week. The marginal congestion costs are useful to: - Work out a fair, potential road pricing structure based on all relevant societal transport costs; - Assess the societal, economic feasibility of implementing transport infrastructure and projects. Methods for calculating the marginal congestion costs (pr. driven km) are developed - for different types of road users, types of roads and times of day/ week. The marginal congestion costs are useful to: - Work out a fair, potential road pricing structure based on all relevant societal transport costs; - Assess the societal, economic feasibility of implementing transport infrastructure and projects.

11. Phase 1 - flow of work 4 The marginal congestion costs pr. km for growing traffic are computed under consideration of: The loss of time due to lower travel speed; The costs associated with the unpredictability and uncertainty about time of arrival; The increasing environmental and safety costs. The pricing of the effects of congestion will primarily be based on existing methods and standards. The marginal congestion costs pr. km for growing traffic are computed under consideration of: The loss of time due to lower travel speed; The costs associated with the unpredictability and uncertainty about time of arrival; The increasing environmental and safety costs. The pricing of the effects of congestion will primarily be based on existing methods and standards.

12. Phase 1 - flow of work 5 The methods developed to estimate congestion and the marginal congestion costs are tested on a few, selected roads in the Copenhagen area. Interviews and traditional calculations of the level of service are used to calibrate the methods, which are continuously refined during these tests. The methods developed to estimate congestion and the marginal congestion costs are tested on a few, selected roads in the Copenhagen area. Interviews and traditional calculations of the level of service are used to calibrate the methods, which are continuously refined during these tests.

13. Phase 2 - flow of work 1 At the end of phase 1 a detailed program for phase 2 will be set up. Phase 2 will include: A calculation of the total congestion and congestion costs on the roads in the Copenhagen area; The development of a model capable of computing/ processing congestion in the Copenhagen area; The computing of the marginal congestion costs pr. km; The development of methods for recording congestion; The presentation of the study´s results. At the end of phase 1 a detailed program for phase 2 will be set up. Phase 2 will include: A calculation of the total congestion and congestion costs on the roads in the Copenhagen area; The development of a model capable of computing/ processing congestion in the Copenhagen area; The computing of the marginal congestion costs pr. km; The development of methods for recording congestion; The presentation of the study´s results.

14. Future usefulness The congestion study´s results - definitions, data collection, methods, models, etc. - can be refined and developed for future: Traffic planning; Traffic control; Traffic information; Feasibility studies; and Road pricing purposes. The congestion study´s results - definitions, data collection, methods, models, etc. - can be refined and developed for future: Traffic planning; Traffic control; Traffic information; Feasibility studies; and Road pricing purposes.