1. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review1 Atacama Large Millimeter Array Science IPT Al Wootten – NRAO NA ALMA Project Scientist ALMA NA Cost/Management Review January 30 – February 1 2006

2. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review2 Overview History – MMA Science group began formal life June 1998 –NA Group holds weekly (usually) telecons. Joined with LSA science group June 1999. Groups very dispersed but with centers in NAOJ, Garching, Cambridge, IRAM, Tucson, AOC and NAASC. –Pan-ALMA (including JP) telecons monthly. –Detailed agendas and minutes available on web of meetings since June 1998.

3. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review3 Near-term Deliverables Configuration: Extended configuration design –Strawman available, redesign under way to accommodate environmental concerns, road and fiber design –Draft delivered February, ground truthed (with Site IPT), then final March –Concern: availability of personnel should antenna complement further decrease Requirements –Clarifications made on major items as a result of System Requirements Review –Continuing discourse with other IPTs –Documents on subsidiary items under development: RF Membrane, Solar Filter, Quarter-Wave plate, Amplitude Calibration Device

4. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review4 Near-term Deliverables (2) The IPT will support Prototype System Integration activities at the ATF with evaluation of the prototype ALMA interferometer. –Begin implementation of the ALMA Calibration Plan at the ATF facility. –Further development of commissioning plan for Chile Evaluation of ALMA Water Vapor Radiometer, to be installed on SMA –Mitigation plan under way owing to late availability of ATF –More appropriate site for tests (atmosphere, baselines) –Uses two prototype instruments Purchase, use of OSF weather station, purchase of AOS instruments –Instruments defined (basically duplication of instruments commissioned at ATF already) –ICD with Site drafted, imminent submission

5. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review5 WBS Summary 1.09.380 Science: Further work on the following items: –Array Configuration: finishing design for long baselines –Simulations: packages used throughout ALMA, total power imaging stability requirements, nutator requirements, mosaicing and on the fly interferometry Delivered simulators in Gildas, aips++, sensitivity simulator online –Calibration: Testing, leading to commissioning of Calibration Plan Development of Calibrator listing Amplitude: tests at ATF of amplitude calibration device, including total power calibration Phase: WVR implementation and interplay with fast switching –First tests at SMA; ATF implementation may follow –Imaging: Commissioning of ALMA Imaging Pipeline Development of algorithms

6. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review6 WBS Summary 1.09.380.3040 Phase 2 Science Support –Maintenance of scientific priorities and goals Now as a split activity run by NA (1.09.380.3040NA) and EU (1.09.380.3040EU) –Includes activities through testing at the ATF 1.09.380.3050 Phase 2 Site Characterization (following approved document ALMA-90.05.00.00-001-A-SPE & interface milestone ALMA-20.01.04.00-90.05.13.00-A-ICD) –N.B. This activity is subsumed within 3040NA for NA. –No longer staffed owing to Baseline Change Proposal (BCP) cost savings management and maintenance of the site infrastructure design, development, and deployment of instrumentation for monitoring of atmospheric conditions, data collection, analysis and modeling the effects of the atmosphere on incoming radio waves

7. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review7 WBS Summary 1.09.380.3070ALMA Commissioning in Chile (NA/EU) –Commissioning and Science Verification (CSV) involves testing and optimization of the ALMA system Goal is to ensure that the science requirements are met An element of commissioning is Scientific Verification Commissioning and SV carried out by the same team –Commissioning involves initial tests, interaction with Systems Integration and other IPTs to identify and resolve faults, optimization, training of operations staff »Augmentation necessary for multiple antenna designs included in current budget –SV done to verify and document performance of an observing mode for users »Continuing and incremental activity »Tests the end to end system »Demonstration Science is a part of the SV process »This WP does not cover work at the ATF There is a gradual handover of the commissioning activity to Operations during 2009-2011.

8. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review8 Issues Phase correction remains challenging Science is ‘top of the food chain’; schedule can get set back by any item below which is late

9. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review9 Science IPT Structure ALMA Board JAO Incl. ALMA Project Scientist Now T. Wilson Science IPT Project Scientists Instrument Scientists ASAC Astronomy Community Configuration Calibration Imaging Site Charac- terization SSR Liaisons Operations, Verification Others Configuration Working Group (Quasi-active) Calibration Working Group Site Working Group (Quasi-active) (J. Conway) M.Holdaway A. Otarola K-I Morita J.Mangum M.Holdaway (A.Stirling) D.Emerson B. Vila-Vilaro M.Holdaway S.Myers Unstaffed R.Lucas Project Scientists R.Laing R.Warmels (Web) Project Scientists (Outreach) M. Hogerheijde (DRSP) Operations Group A.Wootten (in reconstitution ) Project Regional Managers

10. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review10 Progress to Date: Overview Requirements defined and promulgated, overall and for subsystems Design Reference Science Plan developed and maintained –Calibration aspects added –Employed to assess impact of BCPs on project Configuration staked to 4km, strawman design to full extent of array developed Site characterization data since 1995, >80% complete –Data still produced, collected on periodic visits Calibration Plan maintained, revised Attendance at most reviews, often panel member(s) Imaging simulators developed, algorithms published –Maintenance of the ALMA Sensitivity Calculator

11. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review11 Progress to Date: Requirements Three regional ‘Instrument Scientists’ review and report Reference Documents delivered –ALMA Scientific Specifications and Requirements (ALMA- 90.00.00.00-001-A- SPE) approved 2005 June by CCB, ASAC comment delivered 2005 Nov, awaiting Board action –Secondary documents produced for elaboration, clarification Nutator requirements published Also RF Membrane, Solar filter, quarter wave plate requirements System Requirements Review –Chaired by Science IPT, arranged by SE, attended by all IPTs –Periodic meetings to review requirements and their flowdown between Science, SE and other IPTs

12. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review12 Progress to Date: Design Reference Science Plan Submitted Dec 2003. Web version: http://www.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~alma/drsp.html ~130 proposals from ~80 astronomers provides a quantitative reference for –developing the science operations plan, –for performing imaging simulations, –for software design, and –for other applications within the ALMA project. Specifically, it can be used to: allow cross-checking of the ALMA specifications against "real" experiments allow a first look at the time distribution for – configurations – frequencies – experimental difficulty (fraction of projects pushing ALMA specs) start developing observing strategies derive input for the Computing IPT be ready in case some ALMA rescoping is required, or in case some ALMA specifications cannot be met. Currently in active use by the project –Assessment of calibration accuracies needed –Assessment of impact of project baseline change proposals, including evaluation of the impact of a fewer-antenna ALMA on individual DRSPs.

13. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review13 Three Year Duration Theme 1: Galaxies and Cosmology: 40% = 14.4 months = 10500 hr Theme 2: Star and Planet Formation: 30% = 10.8 months = 7880 hr Theme 3: Stars and their evolution: 20% = 7.2 months = 5250 hr Theme 4: Solar system: 10% = 3.6 months = 2620 hr Employ sensitivities on the ESO ALMA Web at: –http://www.eso.org/projects/alma/science/bin/sensitivity.html –Based on ALMA memo 393. Maintained to keep the DRSP abreast of the field by Michiel Hogerheijde

14. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review14 Statistics Receiver Bands % of time Band 3Band 6Band 7Band 9Total Galaxies 22303216100 Star formation 24283810100 Stars 16263127100 Solar system 438517100 Total 20303713100

15. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review15 Some initial DRSP conclusions Overall distribution over receiver bands reasonably consistent with weather statistics Fraction of continuum-only programs varies per receiver band and theme: Band 6 pre-dominantly line; Band 7 and 9 large fraction continuum Fraction of proposals which require total power continuum of order 35% Fraction of proposals which require baselines of at least 1 km 50-60% (with peak around 0.1-0.2”)

16. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review16 5000m Chajnantor site ALMA APEX CBI Site Char

17. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review17 Design

18. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review18 Progress to Date: Configuration –Configuration Configuration group work began 1998, several reviews, culminating in contract with Conway and Holdaway as mentors Plan for 64 antenna ALMA approved –Inner, outer configurations, first Early Science configs, reconfiguration Plan for 50+ configuration submitted, staked on site Includes reconfiguration plan

19. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review19 Basis for Redesign The Executives requested an analysis of the baseline, based on currently available funding. Accordingly, the JAO asked the Science IPT for a design for a 50 antenna array which could provide excellent imaging along with the possibility of extension to 64 antennas. Science IPT renewed contract with Conway, asked Conway and Holdaway to produce such a design before the end of Summer 2005. Principles of Design –Imaging shall be done in a single configuration when practicable. –Continuous reconfiguration scheme preferable.

20. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review20 Status Configuration optimization complete to <4km –Full set of optimized intermediate configurations –Total of 151 + ~35 dedicated pads, compared to 216 previously. 11 of these, mostly in close-packed array, to be built only for N=64. –Outer configuration strawman reaches 4mas at 950 GHz Awaits synchronization with Environmental concerns (Vizcacha avoidance and new road/fiber plan) Ground-truthing on the site –Nyman, Rivera, Holdaway perfect the mask –Otarola, Stirling, Rivera to Chajnantor 2005 August –Assess conformance of actual landforms to Digital Elevation Model (perhaps 300m errors) –Iteration of Conway-chosen locations with John to determine these final locations Final version then produced by2005 August 17. –Comments solicited by the Board from the ASAC have been favorable.

21. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review21 Close-packed Configuration Features Basically unchanged from previous 60 pad design 9 outer pads, 1 inner pad subtracted Imaging performance verified (ALMA Memos 428, 430) Extended NS configuration outside (-55º, +15º)—no transit shadowing to +35º, 16 additional pads Two reserved pads to be built for 64 antenna array.

22. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review22 Intermediate Configurations Can support nearly continuous reconfiguration –~20 configurations within 4km –Four antennas moved at a time Resolution change 1.174 –Two per day per transporter –Almost certainly will not actually schedule this pace! 10% Stretch (ALMA Memo 119) on spiral design, constrained by terrain mask. Three pads to maintain short spacings Two pads to accommodate NS extension Inward reconfiguration opposite of outward except for innermost shadowed configurations I, O configurations differ slightly for inner 15.

23. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review23 Progress to Date: Calibration Calibration –Calibration Working Group (J. Mangum, leader) holds monthly telecons with agendas and minutes https://wikio.nrao.edu/bin/view/ALMA/AlmaCal Includes representatives from currently operating millimeter interferometers, other IPTs –Calibration Specifications and Requirements (ALMA-90.03.00.00-001-B- SPE)—approved 2002-Nov-26; updated document in revision –ALMA Calibration Plan (SCID-90.03.00.00-007-A-PLA)—revised yearly; in third version –WVR implementation on SMA under way –Amplitude Calibration Device review (05Aug25) –ATF to be testbed for plan DRSP used as foil for plan

24. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review24 Phase Correction To achieve: Diffraction-limited operation at sub-mm wavelengths on baselines up to 14 km Corresponds to 0.01 arcsec resolution requirement To achieve at ALMA’s highest frequencies (~950 GHz), require phase errors < 50 microns on baselines of 14 km Typical atmospheric phase fluctuations at Chajnantor: 90-400μm on 300m baselines at 25-75% level Corresponds to fluctuations of ~300-1200μm at 14km Atmospheric phase correction essential

25. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review25 Simulations of phase correction AIPS++ code written by Mark Holdaway Combines Mark’s fast switching simulator with our 3-D simulations of atmosphere WVR simulated using `am’ radiative transfer code to calculate brightness temperatures (Scott Paine)

26. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review26 Phase correction strategy To use a combination of: Fast switching Measure phase from a nearby point source calibrator Measures total atmospheric phase Intermittent (every ~10s of seconds) Gives phase along a different line of sight Water vapour radiometry 183 GHz radiometers four channels Sensitive only to wet component Continuous, on source Two prototype WVRs built by Cambridge and Onsala now ready for testing, planned at SMA

27. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review27 Pre-production ALMA Water Vapor Radiometer Operating in an SMA Antenna on Mauna Kea (January 19, 2006) Photo courtesy of Magne Hagstrom & Ross Williamson Relay mirrors

28. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review28 Phase Correction Conclusions Now have realizations of the atmosphere at Chajnantor for day and night conditions Dry and wet fluctuations have different distributions depending on time of day Have developed simulations of FS+WVR phase correction Future plans: –Investigate different phase correction strategies –Validation of the two ALMA prototype WVRs on SMA Second prototype on SMA Jan 19 Tests through April 2006.

29. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review29 Rebaselining Changes Scope: IPT costs are mostly personnel –Site Characterization is adopted BCP item; salaries and travel eliminated. –Travel cut is adopted BCP item. –Commissioning WBS evolved from Science WBS: several positions shift to Commissioning as AIV proceeds. Some additional effort needed to commission multiple antenna designs Budget is determined by level of effort –Testing of prototype two element interferometer with prototype electronics at ATF by Science IPT staff assisted by other IPTs –Expertise then transferred to Chilean commissioning Schedule dependencies –Schedule of prototype deliveries at ATF –AIV schedule in Chile

30. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review30 Interactions ALMA-J interaction – Complete integration of Science IPT occurs at every level –There are not expected to be problems in this process –Fomalont visiting JP to discuss ACA calibration aspects next week. Operations interaction – Need a full team with a JAO Project Scientist in place to ensure successful CSV process with transition to HSO/Operations. Currently, PS interact with JAO, proto-ARCs. Problems specific to Science –The CSV work at the ATF and in Chile depend on the schedule being met by other IPTs. To ensure communication, CIPT members attend most ScIPT telecons; PS attends CIPT/SSR telecons; NA PS and IS attend PSI telecons; PS attends Board, JAO/MIPT telecons and maintains presence in JAO/Santiago. Wootten produces ‘Biweekly Calendar’ of goings-on around the Project.

31. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review31 AOS 6 Ant Array Evaluation Complete 1.09 Science Summary Schedule 20072006 20092008 201120102012 4123 4123 4123 412341234123 4123 (Data from IPS as of 2006Jan13) ATF Testing Support OSF/AOS Commissioning Antenna Array – Finish dates 16 th 32 nd 50 th Science Verification ATF ` Jan ’10 Early Science Mar ’09 Early Science Decision Point Call for Proposals / Early Science Preparation Sept ’12 Start of Full Science 8 th OSF Integration – Start dates 1 st 16 th 32 nd 50 th 3 rd 2 nd SE&I Reference ATF Testing 8 th June ’06 ATF First Fringes SCIENCE SUMMARY Site Characterization Science Support OSF Time Now

32. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review32 Budget NA CTC estimate is 4.97 million Y2K. This consists of 75% for salaries and travel; no major external contracts –DOE Contingency is 5.1% ($228K for NA) –DOE Contingency is a 0.1% reduction in the planned contingency from the plan of 2002 March 12. –Probability-weighted Risk Contingency estimate: $155K for NA) Assumptions & dependencies are based on the Integrated Project Plan Bases of estimates: –Present staff is nearly complete in NA and EU Attempts to hire a JAO Project Scientist to lead science in CSV in Chile so far not successful (N.B. JAO PS not in Science IPT budget) Currently, regional Project Scientists plan to rotate through JAO PS position on a four month turno until antennas arrive in Chile; a virtual cost –Commissioning effort adds staff in Chile augmented by postdocs Recovery plans for budget problems –Delay in hiring of postdocs

33. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review33 Science – Changes since Garmish BCPs –20% travel reduction; site characterization labor & travel reduction $M (0.1) 2 Antenna Impact –additional effort & associated costs $M 0.2

34. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review34 Commissioning

35. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review35 1.09 Science NRAO Cost Estimate By Calendar Year in Year 2000 (K$) Totals Budget$956$555$629$871$726$695$288$22$0$4,741 Contingency$0$34$39$56$41$39$17$2$0$228 Totals Y2K$$956$589$668$927$767$734$305$24$0$4,970

36. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review36 1.09 Science NRAO Cost Estimate By Fiscal Year in FTEs

37. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review37 BOE Distribution by Confidence Number 1.09 Science (Contingency not included) Year 2000 (K$) Total Budget$956$1,094$2,614$0 $225$4,889 Values shown reflect the current estimate as of 1/20/06

38. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review38 Risk Register

39. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review39 Conclusions The ALMA Science IPT is reaching the end of the Requirements establishment phase and entering a period of verification Implementation of the WVR is being detailed, in conjunction with work on the SMA Preparations for commissioning and beyond, in terms of planning, interim configuration planning, definitions of supported modes continue

40. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review40 www.alma.info The Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) is an international astronomy facility. ALMA is a partnership between Europe, North America and Japan, in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. ALMA is funded in North America by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), in Europe by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and Spain. ALMA construction and operations are led on behalf of North America by the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), which is managed by Associated Universities, Inc. (AUI), on behalf of Europe by ESO, and on behalf of Japan by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.

41. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review41 Evolution of thermal fluctuations Height / km 0 0.6 -0.30.3 Horizontal distance / km

42. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review42 Correction process: WVR

43. January 30 2006ALMA NA Cost/Management Review43 WVR: rms error