1. How Markets Work ECO 284 Dr. D. Foster

2. Three (Economic?) Questions: 1. What to produce? 2. How to produce? 3. For whom to produce? must We must decide! Scarcity Choices Costs

3. price Markets are the solution... What is the role of price? Serves to reward producers for fulfilling our desires. Forces consumers to conserve on the consumption of goods (and services, and resources...).

4. Adam Smith “It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their self interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity, but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our necessities, but of their advantages.”

5. Robert Heinlein “Never appeal to a man’s better nature. He may not have one. He may not have one. Invoking his self interest gives you more leverage.”

6. a rationing device Prices are... a rationing device! How else to ration? First come, first served? Brute force? Discrimination? No Equal portions? [Marxist? No!] forced When a good is increasingly scarce, its price rises and we are forced to reduce consumption. Equally? Of course not!

7. Scenario Scenario: Kuwait falls into the Gulf. suppliers How do suppliers react to the P=$5 ? consumers How do consumers react to the P=$5 ? What if we fix prices (a ceiling) at $2.50 ? $2.50 S D Quantity $5.00 New S Q2Q2 $10.50 Q1Q1 Q3Q3

8. Is a price of $5.00... Is a price of $5.00... Fair? Outrageous? Price gouging? An indictment against “greedy” sellers?

9. Napolitano, Goddard condemn price gouging Napolitano, Goddard condemn price gouging By HOWARD FISCHER Capitol Media Services 08/19/2003 PHOENIX -- Gov. Janet Napolitano said she will propose legislation to make price gouging on gasoline a crime. The governor's comments came after Attorney General Terry Goddard said the prices being charged at the pump by some retailers in Maricopa County appear to be unjustified. He said that while the wholesale price of regular gasoline Monday was in the $2- a-gallon range, he has had reports of retail prices twice that high. But Goddard said nothing in state law gives him any power to do anything about it -- at least not yet. that they do not need Napolitano also hinted that if the situation does not get better she might even issue orders limiting how much gasoline individuals can buy. She said that is because it appears to her that at least some of the problem is due to consumers panicking and "topping off" their tanks, hording (sic) fuel that they do not need and leaving none for their neighbors.

10. The “Entitlement” Problem

11. Dairy Price Supports 1986 - $1.3 billion to slaughter dairy cows. No effect on milk, but on beef... 1991 - USDA buys butter at $1/lb. to sell abroad at 60 cents/lb. 1996 - Congress approves cartel in New England to raise milk prices 21%. 1999 - Milk price calculation simplified... Began during G. D. of 1930s. 1981 - cheese giveaway. 1983 - $1 billion to “retire” 10,000 dairy cows. No effect. The Inefficiency of Price Floors

12. Dairy Price Supports Basic Formula Price (BFP) = last month's average price paid for manufacturing grade milk in Minnesota and Wisconsin + [current grade AA butter price X 4.27 + current non-dry milk price X 8.07 - current dry-buttermilk price X 0.42] + [current cheddar cheese price X 9.87 + current grade A butter price X 0.238] - [last month's grade A butter price X 4.27 + last month's nondry- milk price X 8.07 + last month's dry-buttermilk price X 0.42] - [last month's cheddar cheese price X 9.87 + last month's grade A butter price X 0.238] + (present butter fat - 3.5) X [current month's butter price X 1.38] - [last month's price of manufacturing grade milk in Minnesota- Wisconsin X 0.028].

13. Dairy Price Supports Lessons? Plenty of them... Cost to consumers of higher prices: Butter = 2*ROW, Cheese = 1.5*ROW, Milk=1.26*ROW Cost to taxpayers for dairy subsidies: 0 to $2.6 billion, depending on market conditions. Health harm - more expensive for poor and elderly to get calcium. No incentive to innovate in U.S. dairy industry (New Zealand milk is produced at about half our cost). Since 1930, dairy farmers declined by 95%. Oct. 2002 - State of Mass. charges Midland Farms…

14. Headlines

15. How Markets Work ECO 284 Dr. D. Foster