1. The Basics

2. Preview and Processing 1. 1. Does time or a calendar exist naturally? 2. 2. How have humans manipulated or created time or a calendar ? 3. 3. What does time or a calendar provide in terms of historical research?

3.  Basic terms: DecadeDecade CenturyCentury MillenniumMillennium Gregorian calendar (adopted in1582 by Pope Gregory XIII)Gregorian calendar (adopted in1582 by Pope Gregory XIII)

4.  How to count: BC and or BCE (counts down)BC and or BCE (counts down) AD and or CE (counts up)AD and or CE (counts up) CIRCA: around or approximateCIRCA: around or approximate

5.  BC=Before Christ  BCE=before common era  AD=anno domini “in the year of our Lord”  CE=common era

7. Gregorian range Julian range Difference From 15 October 1582 to 28 February 1700 From 5 October 1582 to 18 February 1700 10 days From 12 March 1700 to 28 February 1800 From 1 March 1700 to 17 February 1800 11 days From 13 March 1800 to 28 February 1900 From 1 March 1800 to 16 February 1900 12 days From 14 March 1900 to 28 February 2100 From 1 March 1900 to 15 February 2100 13 days From 15 March 2100 to 28 February 2200 From 1 March 2100 to 14 February 2200 14 days

8. Making the Connection  What is our current century?  Why is it off by 100 years?

9. How is the puzzle of past civilizations put together?

10.  Three main groups of people who put the puzzle together: ArchaeologistArchaeologist HistorianHistorian AnthropologistAnthropologist

11.  Archaeologist (prehistory) Altamira (pgs 12 & 13)Altamira (pgs 12 & 13) Don MarcelinoDon Marcelino Lascaux CavesLascaux Caves Leakey FamilyLeakey Family Donald JohansonDonald Johanson  “Lucy” in Ethiopia 1974  3.5 million years old

12.  Dating fossils and artifacts Where foundWhere found  Location  Layer of earth Relative not absoluteRelative not absolute Carbon 14Carbon 14

13.  Historian (our goal) (our goal) Do not deal with prehistoryDo not deal with prehistory Written symbolsWritten symbols Written record for the last 5,000 yearsWritten record for the last 5,000 years

14.  Anthropologist How societies & cultures are organizedHow societies & cultures are organized  Society: people who interact w/ ea. other  Culture: sharing ideas, habits, skills, traditions, values, lang.

16. Paleolithic Age ( Old Stone Age)  45,000 years ago Earliest part of human prehistoryEarliest part of human prehistory Ice Age=pop. shiftIce Age=pop. shift  Rift Valley, Africa (Ethiopia) Nomads: hunters and gatherersNomads: hunters and gatherers Technology: ability to use what is createdTechnology: ability to use what is created  Fire, clothing, shelter  Small groups  Lang.

18. Equal SocietyEqual Society  Kung of Africa’s Kalahari  Aborigines: an example of a modern day equal society  Painting=magic  After-life

19. Neolithic Age (new stone age) (new stone age)  (4,000-2200 BCE) Women began to farmWomen began to farm  Old camps  Caves  Saved seeds

20. Permanent HomesPermanent Homes  Jarmo (Iraq 6750 BCE) MudMud  Catal Huyuk (Turkey)  Jericho (Palestine) Animals domesticatedAnimals domesticated  obsidian

21. Catal Huyuk (Turkey)

22. Jericho

23. FarmingFarming  New tools & skills Pottery, spinning & weavingPottery, spinning & weaving Pop. growthPop. growth