1. Concepts of Engineering and Technology Introduction to Engineering Fundamentals and Civilization Part 1 - Definitions Photo Courtesy of Gary Payne/Denton Record-ChroniclePhoto Courtesy of Steve Van Meter, VideoRay 1 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

2. Warm-Up Activity Directions: Please take out a sheet of paper and respond to the questions below. Please check your spelling. In your own words, “What is Engineering?” In your own words, “What is Science?” In your own words, “What is Technology?” 2 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

3. Questions to ponder: What is the difference between science and technology? What are the greatest engineering accomplishments of the 20th century? How do newer engineering accomplishments compare to those throughout history? How does technology impact the world? What is the difference between innovation and invention? What is an ethical design dilemma? Why did engineering societies develop standards? 3 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

4. ABET defines engineering as: (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) “The profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied with judgment to develop ways to use, economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.” 4 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

5. Mr. Stilley defines engineering as: “Engineers are problem solvers.” 5 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

6. Engineer A person who designs products, structures, or systems to improve peoples lives Mathematics is the language of science, engineering, and technology. Engineers use math to describe objects in great detail, and mathematical models can test designs without actually building them. Engineers use scientific principles to guide their design. 6 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

7. Engineers work in teams, and planning and design is a large part of their work. Engineering is a form of problem solving. Engineers work in teams because different people have different skills and can look at problems in different ways. An engineer must look at problem criteria and solution constraints. Engineering involves design and construction. Engineering is iterative. 7 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

8. ECE 404 Scott Umbaugh, Textbook: Design for ECE Engineers, Ford & Coulston Example Engineering Requirements Performance and FunctionalityPerformance and Functionality Will identify skin lesions with a 90% accuracyWill identify skin lesions with a 90% accuracy Should be able to measure within 1mmShould be able to measure within 1mm ReliabilityReliability Operational 99.9% of the timeOperational 99.9% of the time MTBF of 10 yearsMTBF of 10 years EnergyEnergy Average power consumption of 2 wattsAverage power consumption of 2 watts Peak current draw of 1 ampPeak current draw of 1 amp 8 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

9. ECE 404 Scott Umbaugh, Textbook: Design for ECE Engineers, Ford & Coulston Constraints ( Limitation or restriction) EconomicEconomic EnvironmentalEnvironmental Ethical and LegalEthical and Legal Health and SafetyHealth and Safety ManufacturabilityManufacturability Political and Social – FDA, language?Political and Social – FDA, language? SustainabilitySustainability 9 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

10. Technology (The practical application of science to commerce or industry.) The means by which humans modify the world to address their wants and needs Involves an artifact Includes phones and televisions, and also things like spoons and running shoes It even includes the kernel of the grass grains we use in our cereal 10 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

11. Technology often involves a system, and includes the people, infrastructure, and processes. Involves the design, manufacture, use, and repair of the object The innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment to satisfy perceived human needs and wants Human innovation in action that involves the generation of knowledge and processes to develop systems that solve problems and extend human capabilities 11 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

12. Science Knowledge of principles and causes; especially, such knowledge when it relates to the physical world and its phenomena, the nature, constitution, and forces of matter, thequalities and functions of living tissues, etc. Involves knowledge about the natural world Often involves knowledge for its own sake Discovers and explains what is Engineering involves creating what has never been 12 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

13. Technological progress promotes science advancement This mass spectrometer helped make the decoding of the human genome possible. Courtesy of: www.scienceaid.co.uk. 13 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

14. The Scientific Process 14 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

15. The Engineering Design Process Courtesy of: Engineering is Elementary http://www.mos.org/eie/engineering_design.php 15 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Start

16. The seven key resources for engineering are: People Energy Capital Information Tools and machines Materials Time 16 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

17. Engineering and Technology, 1st ed. Hacker et al. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). Engineering Design: An Introduction, 1 st ed. Karsnitz, O’Brian, Hutchinson, Delmar Cengage Learning (2008). Engineering Your Future, 2nd ed, Gomez, Oakes, Leone, Great Lakes Press (2008). Gateway To Engineering, 1st ed. Rogers, Wright, Yates. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). 17 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

18. End of Part 1 18 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

19. Concepts of Engineering and Technology Introduction to Engineering Fundamentals and Civilization Part 2 - History Photo Courtesy of Gary Payne/Denton Record-ChroniclePhoto Courtesy of Steve Van Meter, VideoRay 19 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

20. The History of Engineering In 1965, Gordon Moore made an important observation about computer chips: every 18-24 months the capacity of a memory chip doubles. This observation, known as Moore’s Law, shows that computing power increases exponentially over time. Is it possible that technology in general evolves in a similar fashion? Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. 20

21. Technological Time Periods - Stone Age (15,000 BC to 3000 BC) 12,000 yrs - Bronze Age (3000 BC to 500 BC) 2,500 yrs - Iron Age (500 BC to 500 AD) 1,000 yrs - Middle Ages (500 AD to 1500 AD) 1,000 yrs - Renaissance (1500 AD to 1750 AD) 250 yrs - Industrial Revolution (1750 to 1900) 150 yrs - Twentieth Century (1900-1999) 100 yrs 21 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

22. The Stone Age 15,000 to ~3000 BC It covers the period where humans went from a nomadic life to an agricultural life. Domestication of animals allowed the substitution of animal power for human power. Other developments include the grinding stone, and harvesting and production of crops. We can consider the first use of fire as an important technology. 22 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

23. Early humans were hunters and gatherers, with their major concern being day-to-day survival. The tools they used to hunt, fish, and dig involved stone and bone. As new methods were created, families became tribes, and tribes became communities requiring land and shelter. Some of the earliest technologies involved the domestication of animals and plants. Crops required formal methods of planting, which led to the plow. 23 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

24. The earliest known use of the wheel was in Mesopotamia in about 3500 BC. The first wheel with spokes first appeared on Egyptian chariots around 2000 BC. Although some form of writing has been around since the earliest day of antiquity, the Sumerians of Mesopotamia are also credited with its formal development. 24 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

25. The Bronze Age It started about 3000 BC. Major technological developments include smelting and metalwork. Smelting involves the extraction of different metal ores to create a combination of metals called an alloy. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin, and this new metal was more durable and easier to work to make a variety of tools. 25 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

26. Courtesy: NormanEinstein, December 21, 2005 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fertile_Crescent_map.png 26 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. The Fertile Crescent

27. The Fertile Crescent became the birthplace of civilization because plentiful food led to an increase in population. Domestication of plants and animals increased. The concept of division of labor was invented. We start to see the negative effects of technology through smoke filled air and the destruction of forests. Religion, ceremony, and governments became better organized and more widespread. 27 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

28. The Iron Age About 500 BC until 500 AD Iron smelting (the extraction of iron from iron ore) involves the removal of impurities (slag). Requires higher temperature smelting. Led to the development of steel as an alloy of iron and carbon. 28 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

29. Courtesy: Silberwolf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archimedes-screw_one-screw-threads_with-ball_3D-view_animated_small.gif 29 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

30. Roman Aqueduct, circa 19 BC http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pont_du_gard.jpg 30 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

31. Iron was stronger and less expensive than bronze. Steel is better able to hold a sharpened edge. Forming and shaping created a wide variety of tools and implements –involves casting and grinding. Water became an important energy source –grain milling. Solid waste disposal became a problem. 31 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

32. The Middle Ages 500 AD to 1500 AD A period of turmoil following the collapse of the Roman Empire. Populations became concentrated within cities - plague and famine were common. Increasingly fouled air and water - untreated human and animal waste. 32 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

33. Sailing ships spurred increases in travel and trade. Horses and oxen use increased for transportation and labor. Wood remained a primary energy source. Water use increased as a power source. Mills and foundries flourished. Gunpowder is developed. 33 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

34. The Renaissance 1500 AD to about 1750 AD A time of rebirth of the arts and humanities. Many important innovations – the printing press, clocks, gunpowder, eyeglasses, and flush toilets. Innovative manufacturing and processing techniques evolved. Leonardo Da Vinci 34 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

35. Sir Isaac Newton’s theories began to dominate the scientific view of the physical universe. –Universal gravitation –Three laws of motion –Differential and integral calculus* Coal replaced wood. –Mining and deforestation increased. Colonization became a widespread way of developing resources. –Both positive and negative impacts (slavery). 35 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

36. The Industrial Revolution From 1750 to about 1900 Industries replaced family units of production. The steam engine is arguably the most important engineering achievement. –Continuous manufacturing became common. –Transportation and communication systems improved. –Education became more widespread. 36 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

37. The American Constitution and the Bill of Rights –Rule of law led to an increase in the ownership of private property. Environmental pollution continued to increase –Industrial waste adding to human and animal waste. The beginnings of formal engineering education 37 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

38. Engineering and Technology, 1st ed. Hacker et al. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). Engineering Design: An Introduction, 1st ed. Karsnitz, O’Brian, Hutchinson. Delmar Cengage Learning (2008). Engineering Your Future, 2nd ed. Gomez, Oakes, Leone. Great Lakes Press (2008). Gateway To Engineering, 1st ed. Rogers, Wright, Yates. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). 38 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

39. End of Part 2 39 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

40. Concepts of Engineering and Technology Introduction to Engineering Fundamentals and Civilization Part 3 – Technology and Society Photo Courtesy of Gary Payne/Denton Record-ChroniclePhoto Courtesy of Steve Van Meter, VideoRay 40 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

41. Twentieth Century The rate of innovation accelerated. The Industrial Revolution began in about 1750, but there were more agricultural workers than industrial workers until 1907. Important developments include: Electrification, Automobile, Airplane, Water Supply and Distribution, Electronics, Radio and Television, Mechanized Agriculture, Computers, Telephone, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, Highways, Spacecraft, Internet 41 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

42. Requirements for a shift from agriculture to industry: A large supply of workers Adequate food and shelter for those workers An abundant energy source An efficient transportation system Large amounts of capital to invest The countries that had the best combination of these resources became dominant. 42 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

43. The Information Age A shift from industrialization to an economy based on information Characterized by the ability of individuals to transfer information freely Instant access to knowledge A key skill, the ability to assess and evaluate content Late 1970s to early 2000s 43 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

44. Technology is continuing to change, and the rate of change is increasing. Technological innovations affect, and are affected by, a society's cultural traditions. How did military applications influence technology development? Do humans have the ability to continue to adapt to the rate of technology change? What non-technologies have had the greatest influence on history? 44 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

45. Most American state licensure laws require a bachelor of science degree for licensure. The U.S. model has generally been only to require those practicing independently (i.e., consulting engineers) to be licensed. Engineers working in industry, education, and sometimes government need not be licensed. 45 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

46. Fundamental Canons (rules) Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties. Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest. 46 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

47. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession and shall act with zero-tolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision." 47 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Fundamental Canons (rules)

48. Where are we now? We now have a virtual communications network in a globalized society. New technologies have created major changes in the way society is structured and how individuals interact. 48 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

49. The ubiquity of technology is making the world smaller and smaller. 49 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. What are the consequences?

50. Twitter – began as a means to send short text messages to many friends at the same time. 50 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved. Now used in everything from organizing protests to helping evacuate people from disasters

51. Engineering and Technology, 1st ed. Hacker et al. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). Engineering Design: An Introduction, 1st ed. Karsnitz, O’Brian, Hutchinson. Delmar Cengage Learning (2008). Engineering Your Future, 2nd ed. Gomez, Oakes, Leone. Great Lakes Press (2008). Gateway To Engineering, 1st ed. Rogers, Wright, Yates. Delmar Cengage Learning (2010). 51 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.

52. End of Part 3 52 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2012. All rights reserved.