1. Classifying Attributes with Game- theoretic Rough Sets Nouman Azam and JingTao Yao Department of Computer Science University of Regina CANADA S4S 0A2 azam200n@cs.uregina.cajtyao@cs.uregina.ca http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~azam200nhttp://www.cs.uregina.ca/~azam200n http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~jtyaohttp://www.cs.uregina.ca/~jtyao

2. Rough Sets Sets derived from imperfect, imprecise, and incomplete data may not be able to be precisely defined. Sets have to be approximated. Rough sets introduces a pair of sets for such approximation. –Lower approximation –Upper approximation

3. Visualizing Rough Sets Let Lower approximation. Upper approximation. Positive Region. Boundary. Negative region.

4. Probabilistic Rough Sets Defines the approximations in terms of conditional probabilities. –Introduces a pair of threshold denoted as (α, β) to determine the rough set approximations and regions –Lower approximation –Upper approximation –The three Regions are defined as

5. A Key Issue in Probabilistic Rough Sets Two extreme cases. –Pawlak Model: (α, β) = (1,0) Large boundary. Not suitable in practical applications. –Two-way Decision Model: α = β No boundary: Forced to make decisions even in cases of insufficient information. Determining Effective Probabilistic thresholds. The GTRS model. –Finds effective values of thresholds with a game- theoretic process among multiple criteria.

6. Game-theoretic Rough Set Model Utilities for Criterion C1 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.2 (α1, β1) (α2, β2) (α6, β6) (α3, β3) (α4, β4) (α5, β5) Rankings based on C1 1 2 3 4 5 6

7. Game-theoretic Rough Set Model Utilities for Criterion C2 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.3 (α1, β1) (α2, β2) (α6, β6) (α3, β3) (α4, β4) (α5, β5) Rankings based on C2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dilemma: –Ranking of C1 vs C2 –Which pair to select

8. Game Theory for Solving Dilemma Game theory is a core subject in decision sciences. –Prisoners Dilemma. A classical example in Game Theory.

9. A Game-theoretic Rough Set Approach Obtaining Probabilistic threshold with GTRS. –An (α, β) pair is determined with game-theoretic equilibrium analysis. C1 C2

10. Attribute Types in Rough Sets Reduct. –A minimal set of attribute set having the same classification ability as the entire attribute set. –Generally there may exist multiple reducts. Core attribute. –An attribute appearing in every reduct. Reduct attribute. –An attribute appearing in at least one reduct. Non-reduct attribute. –An attribute that does not appear in any reduct.

11. Limitations of Existing Methods For classifying attributes we need to find most, if not all, reducts. Existing methods for finding multiple reducts. –Commonly involve an iterative process. –Each iteration involves a sub-iterative process for searching a single reduct. –An attribute may be processed multiple times in different iterations of these methods.

12. A GTRS Based Approach We try to find an additional mechanism for classifying attributes. –Processing each attribute once to avoid extensive computations. A GTRS based solution –Interpreting the classification of a feature as a decision problem within a game.

13. Attribute Classification with GTRS Formulating problems with GTRS model requires to, –Identify the players. –Identify the strategies of players. –Determine the payoff functions. –Implement a competition.

14. J T Yao Incorporating Game Theory in Feature Selection for TC 13 Players were selected as measures of an attribute importance. –Each measure analyzes an attribute for its importance. –A case of two player game was considered. Two strategies were formulated for each player. –Accepting an attribute, denoted as –Rejecting an attribute, denoted as Players and Strategies

15. Payoff Functions Let represents a particular measure. –The value of corresponding to an attribute A, may be given as, Notation for a payoff function. –Payoff of measure, performing action j, given action k of his opponent is denoted as, The payoff functions of a player in four different situations of a game are calculated as,

16. Obtaining Attribute Classification The game may result in three possible outcomes. –Both players choose to select –One of the players choose to select –None of the players choose to select. Attribute classification: An attribute is considered as, –core, when both players choose to select. –reduct, when one of the players choose to select. –Non-reduct, when none of the players select.

17. Attribute Classification Algorithm

18. A Demonstrative Example Core = {e} Reduct = {a,c,e} Non-reduct = {b,d,f}

19. The Measures in the Game Conditional Entropy. Attribute Dependency.

20. Payoff Tables The bold cell represents Nash equilibrium. –None of the players can achieve a higher payoff given their opponents chosen action. –The attribute is classified as core, since both measures choose to select, i.e. core = {e}.

21. Payoff Tables (Cont.) The actions of players classify the above attributes as reduct attributes. Equilibrium analysis for attribute b, d, f suggest their classification as non-reduct attributes.

22. Conclusion Limitations of existing approaches. –Extensive computation due to multiple processing of individual attributes. GTRS based method. –Interprets the classification of attributes as a game among multiple measures of attribute importance. Importance of the method. –Each attribute is processed only once in obtaining the classification of attributes.