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2. Different classes of vertebrates, which include jawless fishes (e.g., lampreys), cartilaginous fishes (e.g., sharks), bony fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. 2

3. A vertebrate is an animal with a strong, flexible backbone. You are an example of a vertebrate. All vertebrates exhibit bilateral symmetry and a true body cavity with an endoskeleton. Found in aquatic and terrestrial environments. 3

4. adaptations in Vertebrates for life on land Endothermy Strong Limbs Muscles Eggs Lungs Skin 4

5. 8 Classes 5

6. Endoskeleton: Support Attachment for muscles Grows with the animal 6

7. Major Characteristics: Lateral Line System Row of sensitive cells that can detect very small amounts of motion in the water. Closed circulatory system with a heart Well developed nervous system and brain Exchange gases using gills- diffusion Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and Detritivores. Movement- contracting muscles on either side of the backbone 7

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9. Skeleton made of fibers and cartilage Hagfish Lack eyes- detect light through sensors on their body Feed on dead and dying fish 9

10. Lampreys Usually parasites Have funnel-like mouths lined with sharp teeth. In center of mouth is tongue with a tooth like projection. chemicalAttaches to other fish by suction. It tears a hole in the fish and injects a chemical that keeps the blood from clotting. Sucks blood and fluids from its host. 10

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12. Sharks and Rays Complete vertebral column, movable jaws, and skeleton with paired fins. All of these structures are made up of cartilage Whale shark can grow up to 49.5 ft weighing 39,600 pounds. 12

13. Water enters the mouth and water passes over the gills where the gases are exchanged. Sharp sense of smell. Also have lateral line system. Internal fertilization Clip 13

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15.  Skeleton made of bone  Marine and freshwater adjusted  Swim Bladder: thin sac that acts as a float. (Filled with oxygen and other gasses) Can be adjusted so that the fish can move to different levels.  Gills for gas exchange  Two chambered heart 15

16. Clip External fertilization Lateral line system Lateral line system and a keen sense of smell. 16

17. mudskippers Clip 17

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19. Major Characteristics: Lives in water as a larvae and on land as an adult Moist skin Breathes with lungs as an adult Lacks scales and claws Must return to water to reproduce. Age of amphibians: 360-286 mya Clip “Double Life” 19

20. Success on Land: Lungs, stronger bones in limbs to help support weight out of water, breastbone to protect internal organs. Salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads First vertebrates to adapt to life on land Young can only live in water Undergo metamorphosis and can live on land tadpole stage can regenerate lost parts Frog &Toads 20

21. Smooth skin, no scales, feet are webbed, toes are soft and lack claws Respiration through gills, lungs and/or skin no external ears: have eardrums or tympanic membranes 21

22. Eggs usually laid in water and fertilized externally 22

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24. Ecology Food for other animals Some can produce poison - defense Blue Poison Frog 24

25. Turtles, crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes 25

26. Major Characteristics: Dry, scaly skin Helps prevent water loss With scales or plates Lungs Able to breath air Clip 26

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28. Lay eggs with several membranes Oviparous: animals that lay eggs One of the most important adaptations for life on land. Does not need water for reproduction 28

29. drying out Egg covered w/a shell that protects the developing embryo from drying out 29

30. Limbs, if present, having toes with claws used for climbing, digging, and moving around on land. Strong limbs Internal fertilization 30

31.  Body temperature that varies with that of the surroundings.  Cannot generate their own body heat Ectotherm Ectotherm: animals with a body temperature that is influenced by the environment 31

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33.  Strong Chests muscles Only group adapted to life in the air. Body covered with feathers Modified scales Made of protein and develop in pit in the birds’ skin. Two types: Contour (Lift) & Down (Warmth) Help birds fly and keep warm Attract mate In some species-waterproof 33

34. Endotherms: A constant warm temp. generated internally by a high metabolic rate. 34

35. Two legs covered with scales Modified for specific use- perching, walking, etc. Front limbs modified into wings. 35

36. Molting: birds sheds their feathers at least once a year (gradual)  Thin hollow bones 36

37. -Toothless beak Birds have many different types of feet and beaks. Modified for the life style of the bird. 37 Thin hollow bones.

38. Reproduction: Internal fertilization Amniotic egg- harder shells than reptiles 38

39. Digestion: Crop: Storage Gizzard: Can contain small stones, help with the mechanical breakdown of food 39

40. There are many species of flightless birds: ostrich, penguins Emu s Rhea s Cassowar y 40

41. Ecology  Pollination  Seed dispersal  Control insect populations  Indicator of environmental health  Rachel Carson‘s book Silent Spring - pesticides in the food chain Clip 41

42. Humans, Manatees, Elephants, Kangaroos, Apes, Tigers, Dogs 41

43. Major Characteristics Body covered with hair Young nourished in the uterus Young nourished w/milk from mammary glands lung-breathing throughout lifetime diaphram Have four chambered heart endothermic: maintain constant body temperature Subcutaneous Fat under skin to conserve heat Sweat glands to cool body 42

44. Feeding: Carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores. Evolution of a strong more powerful jaw enabled mammals to eat food other than insects. 43

45. Clip Reproduction: Internal fertilization 44

46. Which is NOT an adaptation of both reptiles and birds? A terrestrial eggs B strong muscles C efficient lungs D moist skin 45

47. Which of these organisms exhibit bilateral symmetry? A a lobster B a sponge C a starfish D a sand dollar 46

48. Which phrase BEST describes the bones found in birds? A composed of keratin B thick and solid C composed of cellulose D thin and hollow 47