1. 3B Evidence of Evolution
Week 1
Ms. Darlak

2. Warm-up 05/05 What is your definition for the term CONVERGE?
Create an example sentence using the word.
What is your definition for the term DIVERGE?

3. Agenda 05/05 Keep in mind → NS is microevolution!
3B Evidence of Evolution
MACRO Evolution
= Change of longer time
= Give rise to new species
Types of Evolution
Convergent
Divergent
Coevolution

4. 3B evidence of Evolution
Types of Evolution
Speed of Evolution
Evidence of Evolution

5. Types Evolution (MACRO)

6. Types of Evolution A. Divergent Evolution B. Convergent Evolution
C. Coevolution

7. A. Divergent Evolution p.5
Process by which two closely related species gradually become less alike or more dissimilar
Homologous Structures
Same Structure
Different Function
Vestigial Structures
not presently used
Ancestral function

8. Homologous Structures
SAME STRUCTURE = same ancestor
DIFFERENT FUNCTION = adaptation

9. Homologous Structures

10. Human Vestigial Organs
Traces of homologous organs in ancestral species
Organ that serves no present useful function

11. Vestigial Organs “Legs” on Snakes Eyes on Cave Dwellers
Flightless birds with Wings
Vestigial Organs

12. Vestigial Organs

13. Species 2
Species 1
Divergent Evolution
Common
Ancestor

14. B. Convergent Evolution p.5
Pattern of evolution which unrelated organisms evolve similar traits because they live in similar habitats
Analogous Structures
Different Structure
Same Function

15. Analogous Structures Flight DIFFERENT STRUCTURES = different ancestors
SAME FUNCTION (adaptation)
Flight

16. Convergent Evolution
Species 1
Species 2

17. Convergent Evolution

18. Warm-up 05/06
Which of these pairs (sisters or Elvis’) are similar due to structure (inheritance)? Which are similar due to function?
Which are homologous? Which are analogous?
Explain your reasoning.

19. Try it Again.
Which of these (Blue or Purple) is an example of homologous structures?

20. Agenda 05/06 Review Divergent and Convergent Homologous and Analogous
Evidence of Evolution
Fossils pp. 7-8
Embryology pp. 9-10
Class/Homework: pp.7-8

21. Convergent & Divergent Evolution

22. Divergent vs Convergent Check

23. Coevolution When two species evolve together.
There is a mutual evolutionary influence between two species.
The species have a symbiotic relationship (interaction between members of two populations).
Examples: predators & prey, parasites & hosts, plant-eating animals & plants

24. Coevolution

25. Plants & Pollinators

26. Yucca Moth & Yucca Plant

27. Divergent evolution, convergent evolution, and coevolution are different ways organisms adapt to the environment. These are examples of how the diversity of life on earth is due to the ever-changing interaction between a species and it’s environment.
To Be Continued…….. in 4B

28. Speed of Evolution

29. Punctuated Equilibrium
Rate of Evolution p. 5
Does evolution happen gradually or rapidly?
Punctuated Equilibrium
Gradualism
gradual accumulation of small changes over long time
rapid bursts of change mixed with long periods of little or no change

30. Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
gradual divergence over long spans of time
assume that big changes occur as the accumulation of many small ones
Punctuated Equilibrium
rapid bursts of change
long periods of little or no change
species undergo rapid change when they 1st bud from parent population

31. Evidence of Evolution

32. Five Drivers of Evolution
Small Populations
Mutations
Gene Flow
Natural and Sexual Selection
Today’s species descended from more ancient forms of life by structural, behavioral and physiological modifications.

33. Evidence For Evolution
Fossils
Embryology
Comparative Anatomy
Biochemistry (Molecular Similarities)
Biogeography
Natural Selection (Artificial Selection)
Direct Observations

34. Evidence from Fossils

35. Evidence from Embryology

36. Comparative Anatomy

37. Biochemistry (DNA)

38. Biogeography

40. Direct Observations Galapagos Finches Peppered Moths
Resistance to Antibiotics

41. Evidence of Evolution Fossils Embryological Development
Comparative Anatomy
Biochemistry
Biogeography
Natural Selection
Direct Observations

42. Evidence from Fossils
Fossil: the remains or traces of a once-living organism

43. F o s s i l s

45. Other Types of Fossils

46. Who Dun It? Someone took the last cookie in the cookie jar last night.
The last person to leave the scene is the culprit.
Who was it?
The Cook rides a motorcycle
The Butler walks to work
The Handyman rides a bike
The Nephew & seeing-eye dog
The Maid drives a car

48. Relative Dating (Law of Superposition)
The law states that strata (layers) that are younger will be deposited on top of strata that are older, given normal conditions of deposition.
Intrusions, earthquake, etc. can alter layers

49. Zion National Park

50. Law of Superposition

51. Relative Dating
Oldest
Youngest
Younger
Older

52. Relative Dating
You try on p. 7

53. Class/homework
Evidence of Evolution p. 8

54. Warm-up 05/07
The following picture represents a fault line. Which soil layer pairs have the same relative age?
3 &10
2 & 9
1 & 8

55. Agenda 05/07 LT1& LT2 Homework Check p. 8 Evidence of Evolution
Absolute Dating
Embryology p
Comparative Anatomy p.11-14

56. List the events needed to make the pattern of rock layers shown below in order from first (oldest) to last (youngest). Assume that sedimentary rocks are deposited under water and that erosion happens above water.
__________ F C G D E A H B

57. p. 7
_________ G C A F B
6 H D I
9 E

58. You and your three friends all have fossils from the top of these three locations. While climbing back down from the top, you notice the fossil types changing as seen in the picture. Which one of you has the oldest fossil? How do you know?

59. Absolute Dating of Fossils

60. Absolute Dating (Radio-Metric)
•Use half-life to tell how old a fossil is.
Half-Life: the amount of time for half the atoms of a radioactive element to decay. Doesn’t matter how many atoms started, half will decay.
Clip (RadioCarbon Dating)

63. Some Half Lives
• Carbon-14: 5,730 years
• Uranium-235: 704 MY
• Potassium-40: 1.3 BY
• Uranium-238: 4.5 BY
• Rubidium-87: 48.8 BY

64. Dating Fossils

65. Evidence of Evolution Fossils Embryological Development
Comparative Anatomy
Biochemistry
Biogeography
Natural Selection
Direct Observations

66. Embryological Development
Stage 2
Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish
Stage 3
Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish
Stage 4
Tortoise, Human, Rabbit, Chicken, Fish

67. Evidence of Evolution Embryology p.6
In their early stages of development, all vertebrates (chickens, turtles and rats) look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestor.

68. Embryological development

69. Homologous Structures

70. Comparative Anatomy p. 6
Compares anatomical structures of organisms past and present
Homologous Structures
Shows Common Ancestry
Evolution influenced change to become different
Analogous Structures
Shows Common Adaptations
Evolution influenced change to become similar
Vestigial Organs
Functionless leftover adaptations (from ancestors)

71. Evidence of Evolution Fossils Embryological Development
Comparative Anatomy
Homologous Structures

72. Classwork/Homework
Complete pp in packet

73. Are chimps and humans an example of convergent or divergent evolution?
Grasping
Fine Dexterity
Divergent

74. Are pandas and humans an example of convergent or divergent evolution?
“thumb” function
Convergent

75. Agenda 05/08
Evidence of Evolution
Biochemistry
Writing Prompt

76. Evidence of Evolution Fossils Embryological Development
Comparative Anatomy
Biochemistry
Biogeography
Natural Selection
Direct Observations

77. Biochemistry p. 6 Molecular Evidence
the DNA code links all life on Earth to a common ancestor
Transfer genetic material from the cell of one living thing to the cell of another
the recipient would follow the new instructions as if they were its own

78. Biochemistry

80. Protein Sequence Similarities!

83. Biochemistry p.15 Cytochrome C in Mitochondria Comparisons
Which are most closely related?
Which are most distantly related?
How can you tell?
Number of common sequences of amino acids or number of differences?

84. Class/Homework Biochemistry p.15 Writing Prompt
Describe three following pieces of evidence in support of the Theory of Evolution:
fossils
natural selection
comparative anatomy
embryology
biochemistry (DNA)
biogeography
direct observations
 Provide an example of each and explain how each supports the theory that organisms change over time.