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Transnational Politics Keohane/Nye, Introduction
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Today Registration, digitally aided name recognition, index card Attendance, papers, presentation, campaign item Two different views: US-based: It’s easy! ethical trade (podcast from: Policy Innovations): forestry, mining, and fisheries.ethical trade European: It’s complex. BBC documentaries (Thursday)documentaries Defining non-state actors (NSAs) Theories of IR and transnationalism Reading: Keohane/Nye 1971 Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Non-state actors (NSAs) What is transnationalism? What are non-state actors (NSAs)? Distinguishing from states and IGOs What are the goals non-state actors pursue? What are the means non-state actors use? What roles do non-state actors play? Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Definition: Transnational relations Transnational relations are “regular interactions across national boundaries when at least one actor is a non-state agent or does not operate on behalf of a national government or an intergovernmental organization.” (Thomas Risse-Kappen, Introduction, in Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structure and International Institutions, Cambridge University Press 1995, p. 3) Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Challenging state-centrism Keohane/Nye, 1971, xii Four major types of transnational interactions: Communication of ideas Transportation (trade in goods and services) Finance (FDI, investment) Travel and movement of people (migration) Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Effects of transnationalism Increase the sensitivity of societies to one another (1) and diffusion processes (2) resulting in (Keohane/Nye, xvi): attitude changes international pluralism (interest groups) constraints on state actors increase (interdependence) increasing ability of certain governments to influence other governments emergence of autonomous actors with private foreign policies Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Non-state actors in world affairs Three types of transnational non-state actors: Multinational Corporations Non-Governmental Organizations (Global Civil Society) Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, money launderer, human trafficker, etc. How are non-state actors different from states or intergovernmental organizations? In contrast to states, NGOs lack sovereign control over population and territory. In contrast to IGOs, NGOs are not created by states. They are created by private citizens. Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Classifying non-state actors Transnational vs. local/national Human Rights First vs. NAACP Profit-making vs. not-for-profit Exxon/GM vs. Greenpeace Integrating vs. fragmenting purpose Aga Khan Foundation vs. al-Qaeda Membership vs. non-membership organization Amnesty International vs. Human Rights Watch Service versus advocacy organization World Vision vs. Amnesty International Faith-based vs. secular Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Three types of authority Multinational corporations (for profit, commerce, market authority) Non-governmental organizations (not-for-profit, service and advocacy, moral authority), global civil society Drug cartels, terrorists, arms traders, traffickers (illicit, violent authority) Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Market authority Def.: MNCs are enterprises with commercial operations in more than one country. 100 largest economies: 51 are MNCs and 49 are states. In 1996, 405 out of 500 largest MNCs were headquartered in the Northern hemisphere: US (162), Japan (126), France (42), Germany (41), and Great Britain (34). 1969: about 7,000 MNCs; 2005: 63,312 MNCs with 821,818 foreign affiliates. >> ILO information on MNCsILO information on MNCs Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Illicit authority Criminal networks: borders as a business opportunity; trafficking of weapons, humans, and drugs. Piracy: the high seas as a stateless sphere; Somalia, South East Asia, etc. Terrorism: the political use of violence and transnational relations Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Why is transnational crime on the rise? State failure: Proliferation of small arms; failing border controls, etc. Globalization: increasing and faster financial and other transactions, etc. Global inequalities: human trafficking, drug trade, etc. Lack of inter-state cooperation: weak United Nations, lack of coordination among law enforcement, competing state interests, Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Moral authority Global civil society Amnesty International, Oxfam, and Greenpeace Amnesty InternationalOxfamGreenpeace Campaigns against child labor, landmines, for the ICC Transnational networks Alternative to state and markets: Networks are non- hierarchical, horizontal exchanges based on shared goals/values. NGOs, foundations, churches, media, unions, etc. Increased and cheaper travel/communication. Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Global NGO Growth, based on: Yearbook of International Organizations, Vol. 1, 1997/98 Wednesday, 1/23/2008 Hans Peter Schmitz
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NGOs at the United Nations 1948: 40 NGOs with initial observer status at the UN 2003: 2,379 NGOs at the UN with consultative status.with consultative status Graph of NGO growth at the UN (P. Willetts) Graph of NGO growth at the UN Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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Service and advocacy Service NGO : Provides direct services to a population (example: education, health) World Vision, Save the Children, Oxfam. Advocacy NGO : Lobbies for the rights and claims of others by publishing reports, lobbying, mobilizing the media and public. Amnesty International, Greenpeace. Wednesday, 1/23/2008Hans Peter Schmitz
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