1. EVOLUTION

2. EVOLUTION The process of change through time. The process of change through time. Evidences of Evolution Evidences of Evolution Fossils-the remains of a once living organism Fossils-the remains of a once living organism Types of fossilization: Types of fossilization: Petrification Petrification Imprint Imprint Tar/Ice/Amber Tar/Ice/Amber

3. FOSSILS Fossils always form in sedimentary rock with the older organisms in the deeper layers. Fossils always form in sedimentary rock with the older organisms in the deeper layers.

4. FOSSIL LAYERS

5. PETRIFIED FOSSIL

6. PETRIFIED WOOD

7. TAR

8. AMBER

9. IMPRINT

10. COMPARATIVE STUDIES Evidence for evolution is also found by comparing: Evidence for evolution is also found by comparing: Embryology Embryology Biochemistry Biochemistry Cytology Cytology Anatomy Anatomy

11. COMPARATIVE EMBRYOLOGY

12. Animals go through similar stages of embryological development. Animals go through similar stages of embryological development. This may show that they are related and may share common ancestry This may show that they are related and may share common ancestry

13. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY Organisms have similar chemicals, which may show common ancestry. Organisms have similar chemicals, which may show common ancestry. Ex. Ex. Hormones are similar in many species. Hormones are similar in many species. Everything contains DNA. Everything contains DNA. Similar protein structure and construction. Similar protein structure and construction. Use ATP Use ATP …. ….

14. COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGY The study of cells is CYTOLOGY. The study of cells is CYTOLOGY. All living things are made of cells, therefore, they may share a common ancestor. All living things are made of cells, therefore, they may share a common ancestor.

15. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY Comparing the structures of different animals to find similarities. Comparing the structures of different animals to find similarities. Homologous Structures Homologous Structures Analogous Structures Analogous Structures Vestigial Structures Vestigial Structures

16. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Structures having a similar origin, but are adapted for different purposes. Structures having a similar origin, but are adapted for different purposes. Ex. Human arm and whale flipper Ex. Human arm and whale flipper Same structure-Different function Same structure-Different function

17. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

18. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES Structures are different but have the same basic function. Structures are different but have the same basic function. Ex. Bee wing and Bird wing Ex. Bee wing and Bird wing Different structure-Same function Different structure-Same function

19. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES Structures that presently have no known function, but may once have been needed. Structures that presently have no known function, but may once have been needed. Ex. Tonsils, appendix, whale, snake Ex. Tonsils, appendix, whale, snake

20. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (early 1800 ’ s) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (early 1800 ’ s) Theory of use and disuse Theory of use and disuse He said that characteristics which are acquired are inherited. He said that characteristics which are acquired are inherited. Ex. Giraffes & Human Muscles Ex. Giraffes & Human Muscles

21. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION August Weismann (late 1800 ’ s) August Weismann (late 1800 ’ s) Disproved Lamarck ’ s theory Disproved Lamarck ’ s theory He said that acquired characteristics are NOT inherited. He said that acquired characteristics are NOT inherited. Studied mice Studied mice

22. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Hugo de Vries (late 1800 ’ s) Hugo de Vries (late 1800 ’ s) One of the first geneticists One of the first geneticists Developed mutation theory Developed mutation theory Said mutations are a result of genes segregating, then recombining Said mutations are a result of genes segregating, then recombining

23. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION Charles Darwin Charles Darwin “ Father of Evolution ” “ Father of Evolution ” Observed variation in species on the Galapagos Islands Observed variation in species on the Galapagos Islands Famous for his study of finches, among others. Famous for his study of finches, among others.

24. DARWIN ’ S THEORIES Natural Selection Natural Selection Organisms with favorable adaptations tend to survive and reproduce. Organisms with favorable adaptations tend to survive and reproduce. The 4 principles of Natural Selection: The 4 principles of Natural Selection: 1. Overproduction-populations overproduce 1. Overproduction-populations overproduce 2. Competition-struggle for existence 2. Competition-struggle for existence 3. Variation-leads to new generations that are better adapted to environment 3. Variation-leads to new generations that are better adapted to environment 4. Survival of the Fittest - the ones best adapted, survive. 4. Survival of the Fittest - the ones best adapted, survive.

25. VARIATION A bell curve shows variation within a population. A bell curve shows variation within a population.

26. VARIATION OF HEIGHT

27. GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION Species that are separated from one another by natural barriers (mountains, ocean, desert) can cause new species to develop. Species that are separated from one another by natural barriers (mountains, ocean, desert) can cause new species to develop. Ex. Emu, Ostrich, Rhea Ex. Emu, Ostrich, Rhea

28. GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION

29. SPECIATION Speciation Speciation Over time, new species will develop due to their isolation. Over time, new species will develop due to their isolation. Ex. Emu and Ostrich cannot interbreed Ex. Emu and Ostrich cannot interbreed

30. ADAPTATIONS An adaptation is a characteristic of an organism that helps it to function in it ’ s environment. An adaptation is a characteristic of an organism that helps it to function in it ’ s environment.

31. ADAPTIVE RADIATION The process by which a single species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways. The process by which a single species evolves into several different forms that live in different ways. Causes diversity amongst the group of organisms. Causes diversity amongst the group of organisms.

32. ADAPTIVE RADIATION

33. GRADUALISM Slow steady change over time (gradually) Slow steady change over time (gradually)

34. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM Stable population makes a sudden and rapid change into something new. Stable population makes a sudden and rapid change into something new.

35. Punctuated equilibrium vs. gradualism

36. ORIGIN OF LIFE In the beginning… In the beginning… ______________, which happened about _____________ years ago. ______________, which happened about _____________ years ago. Then… Then… Molten earth cooled, forming a ___________. Molten earth cooled, forming a ___________. Then… Then… Volcanoes erupted, spewing gases, forming the ____________. Volcanoes erupted, spewing gases, forming the ____________.

37. ORIGIN OF LIFE The first gases in the primitive environment were: The first gases in the primitive environment were: NH 4 - Methane NH 4 - Methane CO 2 -Carbon Dioxide CO 2 -Carbon Dioxide NH 3 -Ammonia NH 3 -Ammonia H 2 S-Hydrogen Sulfide H 2 S-Hydrogen Sulfide These gases combined to form primordial soup These gases combined to form primordial soup

38. ORIGIN OF LIFE Early Earth was being bombarded by lightning and comets. Early Earth was being bombarded by lightning and comets. Lightning caused molecules in the primordial soup to reassemble into CHON. Lightning caused molecules in the primordial soup to reassemble into CHON. Therefore, an organic molecule is born! Therefore, an organic molecule is born!

39. ORIGIN OF LIFE Simple organic molecules began to combine to form more complex molecules. Simple organic molecules began to combine to form more complex molecules. Ex. Simple proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. Ex. Simple proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids. This occurred around 3 billion years ago. This occurred around 3 billion years ago.

40. ORIGIN OF LIFE Simple archaebacteria are formed about 2.5 billion years ago. Simple archaebacteria are formed about 2.5 billion years ago. Archaebacteria evolved and adapted to the environment, forming simple monera, which then evolved into____________, which then evolved into____________. Archaebacteria evolved and adapted to the environment, forming simple monera, which then evolved into____________, which then evolved into____________.

41. Miller and Urey Experiment In the 1950 ’ s, the scientists conducted an experiment to re create the formation of life. In the 1950 ’ s, the scientists conducted an experiment to re create the formation of life.

42. Experiment