2. The Terrorists

3. Terror From Above State Terrorism

4.  Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism  The Patronage Model  The Assistance Model

5.  Understanding State-Sponsored Terrorism  State terrorism incorporates many types and degrees of violence.  Cases: Warfare, genocide, assassinations, torture.  Linkages between regimes and terrorism range from clear lines to murky “deniable” associations.  Concepts:  State patronage for terrorism.  State assistance for terrorism.

6.  The Patronage Model  Active state participation in terrorist behavior.  Foreign and domestic participation  Active involvement by agencies and personnel.  Cases: Direct arming, training, providing sanctuary.

7.  The Assistance Model  Tacit state participation in terrorist behavior.  Foreign and domestic participation.  Indirect support for extremist proxies.  Cases: Indirectly arming, training, and sanctuary.

9.  Moral Support  Technical Support  Selective Participation  Active Participation

10.  Moral Support  Politically sympathetic sponsorship.  Open embracement of the main beliefs and principles of a cause.  Governments may act as ideological role models for championed groups.  Case: Iranian support for Islamist movements.

11.  Technical Support  Logistically supportive sponsorship.  Providing aid and comfort to a championed cause, directly or indirectly.  Permits an aggressive agenda while allowing “deniability.”  Case: Syrian regime of Hafez el-Assad.

12.  Selective Participation  Episode-specific sponsorship.  Support for a single incident or a series of incidents.  Carried out by proxies or agents of the state.  Case: Bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.

13.  Active Participation  Joint operations.  Government personnel jointly carry out campaigns in cooperation with a championed proxy.  Case: Phoenix Program.

15.  Legitimizing State Authority  Vigilante State Terrorism  Official State Terrorism  Genocidal State Terrorism

16.  Legitimizing State Authority  Every type of regime seeks to legitimize its authority and maintain its social order.  Democracy.  Authoritarianism.  Totalitarianism.  Crazy states.

18.  Vigilante State Terrorism  Unofficial repression.  Terrorism perpetrated by nongovernmental groups.  Unofficial support from agents of the state.  Case: Paramilitaries and death squads.

19.  Official State Terrorism  Repression as a state’s domestic policy.  Deliberate adoption of domestic terrorism.  Overt cases: Policies of Stalinist Russia, Nazi Germany, Khmer Rouge Cambodia, and Taliban Afghanistan.  Covert case: Iran during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

20.  Genocidal State Terrorism  Dr. Raphael Lemkin’s 1944 book, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe.  Scapegoating a group of people as policy.  Acts classified as genocide against a group:  Killing members of the group.  Creating conditions leading to the partial or complete destruction of the group.  Preventing births or forcibly transferring children.

23.  U.S. Department of State’s Country Reports on Terrorism  Annual list of countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism.  Private Agencies Monitoring Political Abuses  Human Rights Watch  Amnesty International