1. The History of the Cell The Properties of Life Biology Department Hampton High School SOL BIO 2a Biology Department Hampton High School SOL BIO 2a

2. 1665  Robert Hooke builds a microscope  Discovers cells while looking at cork  The invention of the microscope helped in the discovery of chromosomes.  Robert Hooke builds a microscope  Discovers cells while looking at cork  The invention of the microscope helped in the discovery of chromosomes.

3. 1675  Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw protists in pond water

4. 1772  Joseph Priestly demonstrates that oxygen is produced by plants

5. 1839  Theodor Schwann shows that all animal tissue is made of cells

6. 1839  Matthias Schleiden identifies cell parts in plants:  Membrane  nucleus  Matthias Schleiden identifies cell parts in plants:  Membrane  nucleus

7. 1855  Rudolf Virchow states that any cell came from a preexisting cell  Reproduction is the process by which living things make more of their own kind.  Mitosis and Meiosis - processes to make more body cells and sex cells  Rudolf Virchow states that any cell came from a preexisting cell  Reproduction is the process by which living things make more of their own kind.  Mitosis and Meiosis - processes to make more body cells and sex cells

8. Traditional Cell Theory  All living things are made up of one or more cells  Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms  All cells arise from existing cells

9. 2 Types of Cells Eukaryote (can be both unicellular and multicellular) Prokaryote (unicellular)

10. Eukaryotes  4 kingdoms that contain eukaryotes are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia  Cells with: Nucleus Organelles  Enclosed DNA  Larger cell  4 kingdoms that contain eukaryotes are Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia  Cells with: Nucleus Organelles  Enclosed DNA  Larger cell

11. Prokaryotes Cells with no nucleus Unicellular No organelles Free DNA Bacteria cell Monera Kingdom: Archaebacteria & Eubacteria (Autotrophs and heterotrophs)

12. All Living Things 1.Monera Kingdom: Archaebacteria 2.Monera Kingdom: Eubacteria 3.Protista Kingdom 4.Fungi Kingdom 5.Plantae Kingdom 6.Animalia Kingdom

13. Characteristics of All Living Things 1.Made of cells 2.Maintain homeostasis – stable internal conditions 3.Metabolism – need energy (Autotrophs and/or heterotrophs) 4.Responsiveness 5.Reproduction 6.Contain heredity material – DNA/RNA 7.Growth/Development

14. 1. All Living things are made of CELLS There are 2 categories: UNICELLULAR AND MULTICELLULAR

15. Single Cell - unicellular  Organism has to perform all functions of life within one cell  Some have Chloroplasts - autotrophs (make own food)  photosynthesis  Organism has to perform all functions of life within one cell  Some have Chloroplasts - autotrophs (make own food)  photosynthesis

16. Multicellular Cells are organized into an hierarchy: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms Heterotrophs - obtain food by eating other things Autotrophs like plants (trees, grass, flowers) – make their own food from the sun Mitochondria organelle- used for respiration/power

17. Hierarchy of Life Hierarchy: First Step: Building blocks of living things are organized into a hierachy: Atom- molecule – macromolecule- organelle Second step: Cells are organized into an hierarchy: cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms

18. 2. Living things fight for survival  Homeostasis - maintain internal standards (temp., water, salinity)  Stable internal conditions  Homeostasis - maintain internal standards (temp., water, salinity)  Stable internal conditions

19. 3. Living things need ENERGY  Metabolism - chemical reactions that convert food into energy  Most energy comes from the sun that is later used by other organisms  Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs  Metabolism - chemical reactions that convert food into energy  Most energy comes from the sun that is later used by other organisms  Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs

20. 4. Living things RESPOND to their environment  Responsiveness organisms respond to their external environment  Ex. Flowers bend toward sunlight  Responsiveness organisms respond to their external environment  Ex. Flowers bend toward sunlight

21. 5. Living things REPRODUCE  REPRODUCTION Organisms making more of themselves  Sexual and Asexual  Mitosis and Meisosis is cell reproduction  REPRODUCTION Organisms making more of themselves  Sexual and Asexual  Mitosis and Meisosis is cell reproduction

22. 6. All living things have genetic material Heredity - When an organism reproduces, it passes its own traits to its offspring (children) DNA and RNA hang out in the nucleus of eukaryote cells or free floating in prokaryote cells (bacteria)

23. 7. Growth/Development Growth – All living things grow, either briefly or for thousands of years (i.e bacteria vs. a giant sequoia tree) Development – organisms change as they grow; frogs develop from eggs to tadpoles to frogs

24. These characteristics led to the modification of the cell theory. In addition to the traditional parts of the cell theory 3 more statements were added.

25. Modern Cell Theory Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells Cells contain hereditary (DNA) information that is passed from cell to cell All cells are the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells Cells contain hereditary (DNA) information that is passed from cell to cell All cells are the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.