1. Life’s Record

2. Early Earth Early earth was most likely very hot with lots of lava flow. Only Archea bacteria would have been able to survive in the early earth conditions. Early earth was most likely very hot with lots of lava flow. Only Archea bacteria would have been able to survive in the early earth conditions. Gases coming from violent eruptions helped create earth’s atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Gases coming from violent eruptions helped create earth’s atmosphere, such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen.

3. Fossils Evidence of an organism that lived in the past. Types TTTTrace fossils CCCCasts IIIImprints PPPPetrified MMMMolds AAAAmber preserved and frozen fossils. http://biology.st- and.ac.uk/sites/bellpet/fossils.jpg

4. Fossilization Process Animal dies Animal dies Gets covered by dirt/ sediments. Gets covered by dirt/ sediments. Over time, layers and layers build up on remains. Over time, layers and layers build up on remains. Earth movements reveal remains, and they are found. Earth movements reveal remains, and they are found. Pg.381 of text Pg.381 of text

5. Who are Paleontologists? Scientists who study fossils. Scientists who study fossils. By studying fossils, these scientists gain insight into what the past was like, what creatures lived at different times, and by doing this they construct the By studying fossils, these scientists gain insight into what the past was like, what creatures lived at different times, and by doing this they construct the Geologic Time Scale. Geologic Time Scale.

6. Dating Fossils Relative Dating Relative Dating –Fossils at the top of layers of earth are younger than those at the bottom. –This is a geological law –Can’t be used to tell specific age of fossil Radiometric Dating Radiometric Dating –Done by using the decay rate of radioactive isotopes, the Half Life [the time it takes for half of the material to decay] –Most common used are: Potassium 40, half life=1.3 billion yrs [older fossils} Potassium 40, half life=1.3 billion yrs [older fossils} Carbon 14, Half Life=5730 yrs [fossils less than 50,000 yrs old] Carbon 14, Half Life=5730 yrs [fossils less than 50,000 yrs old]

7. Early Ideas Spontaneous Generation Spontaneous Generation –Idea that nonliving material could form life. –Redi’s and Pastuer’s experiments disproved this idea. Redi experimented with flies, maggots, and meat. Redi experimented with flies, maggots, and meat. Pastuer experimented with broth. Pastuer experimented with broth. Biogenesis Biogenesis –Living organisms can come only from other living organisms http://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/imag es/hist9.gif http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/redi.jpg

8. Evolution of Life Two developments that preceded appearance of life on Earth: Two developments that preceded appearance of life on Earth: –Simple organic molecules form –These molecules organized into complex organic molecules (proteins, carbs, nucleic acids) Protocells then formed Protocells then formed –Large, ordered structures enclosed in a membrane. It carried out some basic life functions such as growth and division.

9. Evolution of cell First true cells First true cells –Possibly prokaryotes that evolved from protocells. –Were probably heterotrophs (feeding off of other things, such as organic molecules) Autotrophs evolved (photosynthesis begins), thus increasing concentration of O 2 in atmosphere. Autotrophs evolved (photosynthesis begins), thus increasing concentration of O 2 in atmosphere. http://images.google.com/imgr es?imgurl=www.siu.edu/~prot ocell/photos/siu1.gif&imgrefurl =http://www.siu.edu/~protoce ll/photos2.htm&h=605&w=482 &prev=/images%3Fq%3Dprot ocell%26svnum%3D10%26hl %3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DU TF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8

10. Endosymbiont Theory Proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1960’s Proposed by Lynn Margulis in 1960’s Proposes that: Proposes that: –Eukaryotes evolved through a symbiotic relationship with prokaryotes (sharing) –Anerobic bacteria was engulfed (phagocytosis) and became chloroplasts. –Evidence for this is: Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA that is similar to that of prokaryotes Both chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA that is similar to that of prokaryotes Size of these organelles is equivalent or similar to that of prokaryotes Size of these organelles is equivalent or similar to that of prokaryotes That these organelles are membrane bound That these organelles are membrane bound http://www.mrs.umn.edu/~goochv/CellBio/lectures/endo/Image157.gif

11. The Theory of Evolution

12. What is EVOLUTION anyway? Evolution is change in a population over time. Evolution is change in a population over time. The word itself refers to CHANGE. The word itself refers to CHANGE.

13. Charles Darwin Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection. He came up with this theory through studying nature during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. He came up with this theory through studying nature during his voyage on the HMS Beagle. During this voyage he explored life on the Galapagos Islands. During this voyage he explored life on the Galapagos Islands. He studied the large tortoises that are found there. He studied the large tortoises that are found there. Natural selection was proposed to explain how species changed over time. Natural selection was proposed to explain how species changed over time. http://academy.d20.co.edu/kadets/lun dberg/darwin/darwin.JPG http://www.victory-cruises.com/graphics/BEAGLE.gif

14. Darwin ’ s Experiments He bred pigeons and studied traits the population inherited. He bred pigeons and studied traits the population inherited. By doing this he was using artificial selection (breeding for specific traits). By doing this he was using artificial selection (breeding for specific traits). He studied the traits that were passed down from the parent generation and looked at how they adapted to specific selective forces (things that cause adaptation). He studied the traits that were passed down from the parent generation and looked at how they adapted to specific selective forces (things that cause adaptation).

15. How does Natural Selection work? Different things happen to the environment that cause species to be forced to adapt. The ones that survive reproduce and pass on the selected for traits. Different things happen to the environment that cause species to be forced to adapt. The ones that survive reproduce and pass on the selected for traits. These traits enable the offspring to survive until the environment changes and forces new traits to be selected for. These traits enable the offspring to survive until the environment changes and forces new traits to be selected for.

16. Adaptations: Take Time!! Adaptations are evidence for evolution. But these adaptations take time, and normally take a few generations. Adaptations are evidence for evolution. But these adaptations take time, and normally take a few generations. There are two different adaptations There are two different adaptations – Structural – Physiological

17. Structural Adaptations Common examples are teeth size, claw size, ect… Common examples are teeth size, claw size, ect… More specifically More specifically –Mimicry, this structural adaptation enables one animal to look like another. This may be used to resemble a dangerous animal for protection, or used by predators to capture prey. –Camouflage, enables animals to blend in with their surroundings, helps in avoiding predators. http:// www.msmedia.com.a u/Science/images/mimicry.jpg http:// students.washington.edu/co chranb/hawaii/camouflage.jpg

18. Physiological Adaptations These changes occur in the organism’s metabolism. These changes occur in the organism’s metabolism. One example is the quick adaptations of bacteria to the lethal affect of penicillin, in other words they are becoming immune, requiring higher and higher doses to kill bacteria. One example is the quick adaptations of bacteria to the lethal affect of penicillin, in other words they are becoming immune, requiring higher and higher doses to kill bacteria. Another example is increased pesticide resistance in plants and insects. Another example is increased pesticide resistance in plants and insects. http://forum1.sewanee.edu/palisano/wastewat er/images/ecoli.jpg http://forum1.sewanee.edu/palisano/wastewat er/images/ecoli.jpg

19. Other Evolution Evidence Fossil record show signs of evolution Fossil record show signs of evolution Anatomy of organisms Anatomy of organisms –Homologous structures, structures similar in arrangement, function, or both. This is evidence of evolution from a common ancestor. –Analogous structures, body structures that do not have a common origin, but that are similar in function. –Vestigial structure, a body structure that has no function, it is thought to be retained from evolutionary ancestor through heredity.

20. Evidence continued Embryology Embryology –This deals with the similarities in embryos (the first stage of life) of different species. Biochemistry Biochemistry –This uses the comparisons of DNA or RNA of different species to show evolutionary relationship. http://www.cord.edu/faculty/landa/courses/ b315f99/sessions/phylogeny/embryology.jpg

21. Primate Evolution

22. What are Primates? They are a group of mammals. They are a group of mammals. This group includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans. This group includes lemurs, monkeys, apes, and humans. They come in all different shapes and sizes. They come in all different shapes and sizes.

23. Common Characteristics of Primates They all have opposable thumbs. They all have opposable thumbs. Their brain volume is large compared to their body size. Their brain volume is large compared to their body size. Vision is the dominant sense, binocular vision. Vision is the dominant sense, binocular vision. Arms adapted for a great range of motion. Arms adapted for a great range of motion. Flexible joints Flexible joints Feet are able to grasp things. Feet are able to grasp things.

24. How did they evolve? Scientist use fossils, comparative anatomical features (body similarities), and DNA to propose evolution ideas. Scientist use fossils, comparative anatomical features (body similarities), and DNA to propose evolution ideas. Prosimians evolved first. Prosimians evolved first. –These were small present day primates such as lemurs.

25. Anthropoids Evolve... Anthropoids are humanlike primates. Anthropoids are humanlike primates. They evolved after the prosimians. They evolved after the prosimians. They includes apes and humans. They includes apes and humans. http://www.mosartdesigns.on.ca/largeart/paintings-ape.jpg

26. Differences of Anthropoids They have more complex brains than prosimians. They have more complex brains than prosimians. Larger and different skeletal features (more upright posture) Larger and different skeletal features (more upright posture) Examples are Gibbons, orangutans, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Examples are Gibbons, orangutans, chimpanzees, and gorillas.

27. Old World and New World Monkeys These are two classes monkeys are broken up into. These are two classes monkeys are broken up into. Old world are generally larger, and may be terrestrial. Old world are generally larger, and may be terrestrial. New World live in South and Central America. New World live in South and Central America. They are all Arboreal (living in the trees) and have long, muscular prehensile tail. They are all Arboreal (living in the trees) and have long, muscular prehensile tail.

28. Humans tied in Scientist theorize that we were the last to evolve. Scientist theorize that we were the last to evolve. We have an even larger brain capacity and walk upright. We have an even larger brain capacity and walk upright. http://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/hedges/primate.gif

29. Hominoid Evolution Hominoids or humans began to evolve in Asia and Africa as the fossil records shows us. Hominoids or humans began to evolve in Asia and Africa as the fossil records shows us. Hominoids include apes and humans. Hominoids include apes and humans. Scientists think that gibbons were the first to evolve, then orangutans, followed by the African apes, chimpanzees, and gorillas. One of these being or possible ancestor. Scientists think that gibbons were the first to evolve, then orangutans, followed by the African apes, chimpanzees, and gorillas. One of these being or possible ancestor.

30. Human Ancestry Scientist believe that there were two lines evolving. One being humans, and the other were the African apes- gorillas and chimpanzees. Scientist believe that there were two lines evolving. One being humans, and the other were the African apes- gorillas and chimpanzees. Bipedal adaptation of humans sets us apart. (walking upright) Bipedal adaptation of humans sets us apart. (walking upright) http://www.centerfortheperson.org /HUMAN%20EVOLUTION.jpg

31. Time line of evolution Australopithecus afarensis Homo sapiens Homo erectus Homo habilis A. boiseriA. robustus Australopithecus africanus

32. Development of culture The first known humanoid fossils was australopithecine. The first known humanoid fossils was australopithecine. Next came the Neanderthals who lived in Europe, Asia, and the middle East 35000- 100000 yrs ago. Next came the Neanderthals who lived in Europe, Asia, and the middle East 35000- 100000 yrs ago. Cro-Magnons then became the most recent modern human ancestor. Cro-Magnons then became the most recent modern human ancestor. http://cator.hsc.edu/~kmd/caveman/shanidar.jpg

33. Neanderthals & Cro-Magnons Neanderthals were the first humanoids to use tools for hunting and to use fire. Neanderthals were the first humanoids to use tools for hunting and to use fire. Through them a semblance of culture developed. Through them a semblance of culture developed. Cro-Magnons further developed the use of language and art, primarily cave drawings. They also advanced tool making. Cro-Magnons further developed the use of language and art, primarily cave drawings. They also advanced tool making.