1. Scott Walker University of Canterbury THE IMPACT OF FORCED DEMOCRATIZATION ATTEMPTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS

2.  What is the Relationship Between The Imposition of Democratic Institutions and Subsequent Respect of the New Regime for Human Rights?  Do Different Types of Rights Go Together? (Milner et al. 1999)  Understanding Whether “Democracy” as a Justification for Intervention Can Stand Up to Empirical Scrutiny When We Look Beyond the Formal Requirements of Democracy (Diamond)  Part of an Investigation into the Utility of the “Forcing Democracy” Thesis (History/Utility/Rationale) (Peceny 1999; Walker and Pearson 2007) RATIONALES

3. 1983 Intervention by USA to Oust Leftist Dictatorship Quick Return To Democracy Corresponding High Respect for Human Rights Very Small Caribbean Nation Almost a “Perfect” Intervention GRENADA: THE PROTOTYPE

4. POLITICAL RIGHTS/CIVIL LIBERTIES, 1980-2013 (1-7 SCALE)

5. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, PERSONAL INTEGRITY RIGHTS (1-5 SCALE)

6.  Ousting of Gen. Noriega in 1989  Quick Movement Toward Democratic Institutions  Gradual Improvement in Political Rights/Civil Liberties  Delayed Improvement in Personal Integrity Rights  Appears to Have Settled Into a Solid Democracy With High Levels of Respect for Human Rights PANAMA: IMMEDIATE DEMOCRACY, SLOW MOVEMENT TOWARD HIGH RESPECT FOR RIGHTS

7. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PANAMA (POLITY SCORE)

8. POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES, PANAMA

9. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, PERSONAL INTEGRITY RIGHTS (1-5 SCALE)

10. Civil War in 1980s Democracy After Civil War High Levels of Formal Democracy (Polity) Borderline “Free” in Terms of Freedom House (Political Rights > Civil Liberties) Inconsistent in Terms of Personal Integrity Right Protections EL SALVADOR: A CLASSIC CASE OF “SHALLOW DEMOCRACY”

11. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS (POLITY SCORE)

12. POLITICAL RIGHTS/CIVIL LIBERTIES, 1980-2013 (1-7 SCALE)

13. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL SCORE (1-5 SCALE)

14.  High Levels of Institutional Democratic Forms Since 1989  Continued Insurgency  Borderline “Free” Country in Terms of Political Rights and Civil Liberties  Torture, Disappearances, Restrictions on Press Freedoms, Massacres  Sustained Institutional Openness Doesn’t Lead to High Levels of Respect for Other forms of Rights PHILIPPINES: AN ASIAN CASE OF SHALLOW DEMOCRACY

15. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, POLITY SCORE

16. FREEDOM HOUSE SCORE, PHILIPPINES, 1981-2013

17. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL SCORE, PHILIPPINES

18. HAITI: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN DEMOCRACY DOESN’T TAKE HOLD?  Several Democratic Elections, but Institutions Never Had Time to Take Root  Did Limited Experience With Democracy Lead Allow for Some Improvement in Respect for Individual Rights?  Limited Improvement in Political Rights and Civil Liberties, but Still at a Rather Low Level (“Partly Free”)  Torture, Kidnappings, Detentions Without Trial  But Relatively Tolerant of Media and Religious Freedom  Will Recent Restatement of Democratic Institutions Make a Difference Over Time?

19. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS (POLITY SCORE)

20. POLITICAL RIGHTS/CIVIL LIBERTIES HAITI, 1991-2013

21. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL SCORE, HAITI

22.  American-Imposed Leader in mid-1960s  Slow Improvement of Democratic Institutions  Sustained Good Performance on Political Rights and Civil Liberties  Continued Poor Performance on Personal Integrity Rights DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: AN INSTRUCTIVE CASE

23. POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

24. POLITICAL RIGHTS/CIVIL LIBERTIES (1972-2013)

25. AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL SCORES, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

26.  Democratic Institutions may be a necessary condition for good human rights  Democratic Institutions are not a sufficient condition for good human rights  The “Hollow Democracy” phenomenon appears to be a very real one in the case of American-led democratic regime changes  Not one clear pattern in the relationship between institutions and rights  Rights situations appear to be generally worse when there is a high degree of political instability  Democratic Institutions appear to Have a More Positive Effect on Political Rights than on Civil Liberties.  Need to Study the Interrelationship with Other Factors OBSERVATIONS

27. INSERT CARTOON OF GRENADA