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Scott Walker University of Canterbury THE IMPACT OF FORCED DEMOCRATIZATION ATTEMPTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
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What is the Relationship Between The Imposition of Democratic Institutions and Subsequent Respect of the New Regime for Human Rights? Do Different Types of Rights Go Together? (Milner et al. 1999) Understanding Whether “Democracy” as a Justification for Intervention Can Stand Up to Empirical Scrutiny When We Look Beyond the Formal Requirements of Democracy (Diamond) Part of an Investigation into the Utility of the “Forcing Democracy” Thesis (History/Utility/Rationale) (Peceny 1999; Walker and Pearson 2007) RATIONALES
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1983 Intervention by USA to Oust Leftist Dictatorship Quick Return To Democracy Corresponding High Respect for Human Rights Very Small Caribbean Nation Almost a “Perfect” Intervention GRENADA: THE PROTOTYPE
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POLITICAL RIGHTS/CIVIL LIBERTIES, 1980-2013 (1-7 SCALE)
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AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, PERSONAL INTEGRITY RIGHTS (1-5 SCALE)
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Ousting of Gen. Noriega in 1989 Quick Movement Toward Democratic Institutions Gradual Improvement in Political Rights/Civil Liberties Delayed Improvement in Personal Integrity Rights Appears to Have Settled Into a Solid Democracy With High Levels of Respect for Human Rights PANAMA: IMMEDIATE DEMOCRACY, SLOW MOVEMENT TOWARD HIGH RESPECT FOR RIGHTS
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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, PANAMA (POLITY SCORE)
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POLITICAL RIGHTS AND CIVIL LIBERTIES, PANAMA
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AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, PERSONAL INTEGRITY RIGHTS (1-5 SCALE)
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Civil War in 1980s Democracy After Civil War High Levels of Formal Democracy (Polity) Borderline “Free” in Terms of Freedom House (Political Rights > Civil Liberties) Inconsistent in Terms of Personal Integrity Right Protections EL SALVADOR: A CLASSIC CASE OF “SHALLOW DEMOCRACY”
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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS (POLITY SCORE)
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POLITICAL RIGHTS/CIVIL LIBERTIES, 1980-2013 (1-7 SCALE)
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AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL SCORE (1-5 SCALE)
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High Levels of Institutional Democratic Forms Since 1989 Continued Insurgency Borderline “Free” Country in Terms of Political Rights and Civil Liberties Torture, Disappearances, Restrictions on Press Freedoms, Massacres Sustained Institutional Openness Doesn’t Lead to High Levels of Respect for Other forms of Rights PHILIPPINES: AN ASIAN CASE OF SHALLOW DEMOCRACY
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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, POLITY SCORE
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FREEDOM HOUSE SCORE, PHILIPPINES, 1981-2013
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AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL SCORE, PHILIPPINES
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HAITI: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN DEMOCRACY DOESN’T TAKE HOLD? Several Democratic Elections, but Institutions Never Had Time to Take Root Did Limited Experience With Democracy Lead Allow for Some Improvement in Respect for Individual Rights? Limited Improvement in Political Rights and Civil Liberties, but Still at a Rather Low Level (“Partly Free”) Torture, Kidnappings, Detentions Without Trial But Relatively Tolerant of Media and Religious Freedom Will Recent Restatement of Democratic Institutions Make a Difference Over Time?
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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS (POLITY SCORE)
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POLITICAL RIGHTS/CIVIL LIBERTIES HAITI, 1991-2013
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AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL SCORE, HAITI
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American-Imposed Leader in mid-1960s Slow Improvement of Democratic Institutions Sustained Good Performance on Political Rights and Civil Liberties Continued Poor Performance on Personal Integrity Rights DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: AN INSTRUCTIVE CASE
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POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
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POLITICAL RIGHTS/CIVIL LIBERTIES (1972-2013)
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AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL SCORES, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
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Democratic Institutions may be a necessary condition for good human rights Democratic Institutions are not a sufficient condition for good human rights The “Hollow Democracy” phenomenon appears to be a very real one in the case of American-led democratic regime changes Not one clear pattern in the relationship between institutions and rights Rights situations appear to be generally worse when there is a high degree of political instability Democratic Institutions appear to Have a More Positive Effect on Political Rights than on Civil Liberties. Need to Study the Interrelationship with Other Factors OBSERVATIONS
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INSERT CARTOON OF GRENADA
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