1. Lecture 02: Progress of Modern Molecular Biology

2. The Basic Concepts of Molecular Biology

3. 1953 Watson & Crick DNA Double Helix model Two basic properties of the gene DNA and protein as the core; biochemistry as the basic Self-replicating Traits controlled by gene Life systematic common Biological personality Generalized Molecular Biology in the field of molecular biology there are three basic principles

4. ★ Monomer constitute of macromolecules are the same ★ The central dogma of genetic expression is the same DNA RNA polypeptidesproteincharacter Higher Structure Interaction between biological macromolecules Individuality Three basic principles The common nucleic acid language The common protein language ★ macromolecular monomer sequences (nucleotides and amino acids) are different protein

5. Structural Biology Gene Molecular Biology Applying molecular biology Three main fields of molecular biology DNA-protein Hormone-receptor Enzyme-substrate Gene Concept Gene structure Gene expression Gene recombinant Gene exchange Gene engineering Cell engineering Enzyme engineering Microbial engineering Protein engineering Narrow molecular biology

6. 1847, Schleiden & Schwann Interactions between cells and molecules 1st of the three supporting disciplines All organisms made ​​ up of cells The basic unit for all organizations is cells Cells are universal and permanent biological rule Cytology Molecular Cell biology Cytology

7. Mendel in 1864 Genetics Molecular Genetics Gene structure Gene duplication Gene expression Gene recombination Gene mutation Gene hypothesis Genetics 2nd of the three supporting disciplines

8. Biochemistry Nucleic Acid Chemistry Protein Chemistry (1936, Sumner) Enzyme → Protein Biochemistry 3rd of the three supporting disciplines

9. Progress of Molecular Biology

10. For nearly half a century Molecular biology major breakthrough and achievement Nobel Prize Milestone of biological development Joshua Lederberg 1958 Joshua Lederberg (33y) Phage transduction Beadle & Tatum One gene--one enzyme

11. Severo Ochoa (54y) Rich phosphate bonds of ATP --- Energy Arthur Kornberg (41y) DNA replication Isolation DNA polymerase I 1959

12. James Watson (34y) Francis Crick (46y) Maurice Wilkins (46y) DNA Double Helix model 1962

13. Francois Jacob (44y) Jacques Monod (55y) (French) Lac. Operon Theory 1965 Concept of mRNA

14. 1968 R. Holley H.G. Khorana M. Nirenberg H. Gobind Khorana(46y)How to synthesize triplet RNA Marshall Nirenberg(41y)Genetic coden Robert Holley(46y) tRNA phe cloverleaf structure

15. 1969 Max Delbruck (63y) Alfred Hershey (61y) Phage group Phage infection cycle DNA as genetic material M. Delbruck A. Hershey

16. Howard Temin (41y) David Baltimore (37y) Reverse transcription 1975

17. Walter Gilbert Mechanism of protein synthesis Isolation of Lac. Operon repressor 1980 DNA + SV40 → Recombination DNA Paul Berg

18. 1983. Barbara McClintock (86y) DNA transposable element

19. 1984 Kohler & Milstein → Monocloning antibody 1993 Roberts & Sharp → Splitting gene 1994 Gilman & Rodball → G-protein as a signal molecular in cell 1995 Lewis & Nusslein-Volhard → Control gene of body developing in Drosophila

20. Outlook of Molecular Biology

21. The Leading Discipline of Natural Sciences will Change Significantly Physics Biology

22. Popular Sayings 《 Nature 》 14/21 editors work for biology USA 2/3 agricultural increase due to biotech Many good students choose to study life sciences or biomedicine A Popular Saying: Mathematics has 1% unknown Physics has 10% unknown Chemistry has 30 ％ unknown 70 ％ Biology has 70 ％ unknown Challenges are Opportunities

23. New hot spots in molecular biology Genetically Modified Organisms Clever Monkey

24. Premature Aging Gene Discovered 6 y20 y

25. Innate: Intelligence Nimble Personality: Patient Ardor Honest Dependable Cooperative To be younger and younger !