1. Evidence of Evolution

2. Target #9- I can identify the five types of evidence for evolution
Evidence for evolution came through fossils, biogeography, embryology, anatomy, and biochemistry
Target #9- I can identify the five types of evidence for evolution

3. Target #10- I can explain how fossils provide evidence for evolution
Fossils: the remains and traces of past life or any other direct evidence of past life
Can be studied for information on environment of the time, the age of the fossil
Relative age of fossils was determined by where they were located in the layers of rock
The oldest fossils were on the bottom
Some can consist of hard parts of organisms
Shells
Bones
Teeth
Soft parts can be preserved based off of how the sample was preserved
Trace fossils can be preserved
Trails
Footprints
Worm casts
droppings
Target #10- I can explain how fossils provide evidence for evolution

4. Example: Whale

5. Target #11- I can explain the purpose of a transitional species
Fossils that serve as links between groups
Example: Archaeopteryx
Lived 165 million years ago
An intermediate between reptiles and birds
Had reptile-like features: jaws, teeth, long and jointed tail
Had bird-like features: feathers and wings
Other transitional groups
Fish amphibeans reptiles

6. Example- Tetraphods

7. Target #12- I can explain how biogeography provides evidence for the theory of evolution
Biogeography: the study of the range and distribution of plants and animals in different places throughout the world in comparison to the ancestors
Organisms evolve in one locale and then spread to accessible regions
A different mix of plants and animals will be present whenever geography separates continents, islands, seas, etc.
Examples
marsupials in Australia
Lemurs in Madagasgar
Mesosaurus in S.America & Africa

8. Example- Lemurs

9. Example- Marsupials

10. The homology shared by vertebrates extends to their embryology
Target #13- I can explain how embryology provides evidence for evolution
The homology shared by vertebrates extends to their embryology
All vertebrates have a postanal tail and exhibit paired pharyngeal pouches
In fish and amphibians, those pouches develop into gills
In humans they develop into various components of the neck and inner ear
Translation since both fish, amphibians, and humans have pharyngeal pouches, fish & amphibians were the common ancestor to all vertebrates

12. Target #14- I can explain how anatomy provides evidence for evolution
Homologous structures: features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions
Provides more evidence for the concept of a common ancestor among all organisms
Ex: forelimbs of vertebrate animals
Analogous Structures: structures that perform a similar function but are not similar in origin
Ex: wings of insects and birds
Vestigial structures: remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor
Ex: snakes have pelvic bones and limbs but do not walk
Ex: human have an appendix that is believed to have been used to process raw meat and plants
Ex: hind limb bones exist in animals like baleen whales and snakes
Target #14- I can explain how anatomy provides evidence for evolution

13. Homlogous Structures

14. Analogous Structures

15. Example- Vestigial Structures

16. Almost all organisms use the same basic biochemical molecules
Includes DNA, ATP, and other enzymes
Organisms use the same DNA triplet code for the same 20 amino acids in their proteins
Humans share a large number of genes with much simpler organisms
Life’s diversity has come about by only a slight difference in many of the same genes and regulatory genes often found in introns and other regions of the genome
Target #15- I can explain the commonalities of organism through their biochemical connections

17. The more similar the DNA sequences are between organisms, generally the more closely related the organisms are
Example comparison:
Humans and chimpanzees are about 97% similar
Example protein:
Cytochrome C used for the transport of materials across the plasma membrane in all organisms
Humans vs. monkeys: 1 amino acid difference
Humans vs. ducks: 11 amino acid difference
Humans vs. yeast: 51 amino acid difference
Data is consistent with anatomical similarities of the organisms and their relation to each other
Target #15- cont.

18. Analyzing Data