1. Ideas of the Constitution

2. Interpretation Loose Interpretation Strict Interpretation

3. Balancing Powers Republicanism Federalism Separation of Powers Legislative Executive Judicial Checks & Balances

4. The Electoral College John Quincy Adams who lost by 44,804 votes to Andrew Jackson in 1824 Rutherford B. Hayes who lost by 264,292 votes to Samuel J. Tilden in 1876 Benjamin Harrison who lost by 95,713 votes to Grover Cleveland in 1888 George W. Bush who lost by 543,816 votes to Al Gore in the 2000 election. 538 electors 435 representatives 100 senators 3 electors from DC

5. Powers in the Constitution Enumerated Powers/Expressed Powers/Delegated Powers Reserved Powers Implied Powers Concurrent Powers

6. Important Clauses within the Body of the Constitution Supremacy Clause Gibbons v. Ogden Free Exercise Clause Establishment Clause Full Faith & Credit Clause Necessary & Proper Clause/Elastic Clause McCullough v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden

7. Ideas within Constitution Rule of Law Due Process Human Rights Ex Post Facto Laws Writ of Habeas Corpus

8. Pathway to the First Amendment John Peter Zenger Trial

9. Forming the Basis for Judicial Review Marbury v. Madison