1. Schemes and Tropes
Stylistics 551
Lecture 23

2. Foregrounding Schemes (form/shape) Figures involving repetition
Parallelism
Deviation
Schemes
(form/shape)
Figures involving repetition
Eg. Alliteration, anaphora
Tropes
(turn/change)
Figures involving semantic irregularities
Eg. Pun, metaphor

3. Schemes and Tropes Schemes: foregrounded repetitions of expression.
Tropes: foregrounded irregularities of content.
Schemes: The word scheme has been derived form the Greek word “Schema” meaning ‘form’ or ‘shape’.

4. Schemes roughly have included figures such as alliteration, anaphora, and chiasmus and have been described as abnormal arrangements leading themselves to the forceful and harmonious presentation of ideas.
Schemes may be identified as Phonological or formal (i.e. grammatical, lexical pattern)

5. Types of Repetition Repetition can be of two types:
1. Repetition of Sounds
i) alliteration ii) assonance iii) consonance
2. Repetition of Words
i) anaphora (a…) (a…) ii) apanalepsis (a…a) (b…b)
iii) epistrophe (…a) (…a) iv) symploce (a…b) (a…b)

6. Topes
The word Trope has been derived form the Greet word Tropein, meaning to turn or change. It involves changing or modifying the general meaning of a term.
And example of a trope is irony. Which is used in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to is usual or apparent meaning.

7. Tropes are figures of speech that result in a change of meaning
Tropes are figures of speech that result in a change of meaning. It is an artful deviation form the ordinary or principal , significance of a word.
A term which alters the literal sense of a word or phrase. So metaphor, simile, pun are all tropes.
In the rhetorical tradition tropes are constructed with figures which are rhetorical devices which affect the order or placing of words.

8. Kinds of Tropes
Semantic inversions.
Reference to one thing as another
Wordplay and puns
Substitutions
Overstatement and Understatement

9. Figures Involving Semantic Irregularities
In literary language especially poetry we have a unique kind of patterning of language. We have two types of meaning in general. One is the literal meaning an other is the nonliteral meaning. Literature is highly suggestive and interpretable. It is up to one’s perception that how he perceives the thing. When we talk about semantic oddity it means something irrational.
e.g. “water has eaten kindness”

10. 1. Oxymoron:
An oxymoron is a figure of that creates semantic irregularity. In it contradictory terms are combined to create new meaning. Oxymoron is a useful device to convey the absurdity or oddity of some idea or a thing.
E.g. “darkness visible” “echoing silence” “burning ice” “cold fire” “living dead”

11. 1. Oxymoron
It is a rhetorical figure in which an epigrammatic effect is created by the conjunction of incongruous or contradictory terms. In simple words it is the joining of two opposite or contradictory terms or ideas. It condenses a paradoxical statement or idea and often has an ironic overtone.

12. Oxymoron
Observe the combination of contradictory terms such as used by Romeo in Act 1, scene 1 in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet
Why then, O brawling love! O loving hate
O heavy lightness, serious vanity;

13. 2. Paradox
A situation or a statement that seems to contradict itself, but on a closer inspection it seems true and believable.
These lines form John Donne’s Holly Sonnet proved and example
“That I may rise, and stand, o’erthrow me”
The poet paradoxically asks God to knock him down so that he may stand . He want his present self to be destroyed by God so that He may remake him as a holier person.

14. Take me to you, imprison me, for I
Except You, enthrall me, never shall be free
Nor chaste, except you ravish me
(John Donne)

15. 3. Antithesis
Antithesis is a figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses or sentences within balanced grammatical structure. Parallelism of expression serves to emphasize opposition of ideas. A seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences creating a parallelism that serves to emphasize opposition of ideas.

16. To err is human, to forgive divine.
And the profit and loss are current undersea.
We who are living are dying
He raised a mortal to the sky
She drew an angel down