1. 3D Visual art
Humanities

2. Sculpture or 3D art Art that takes up actual 3 dimensional space
height
width
depth

3. Dimensionality Full-Round Intended to be viewed from any angle
Complete figure from any angle
Free-standing

4. Dimensionality Relief Attached to a background
Can be viewed only from front
Still has a 2D quality

5. Dimensionality Linear Made up of linear materials Wire Neon tubing
Metal pipe

6. Methods - HOW? Subtraction “Carving”
Starting with a large piece of material, and then cutting away the unwanted material
Must start with a flawless piece of material
Rock, wood

7. Methods Addition “Built sculpture”
Starting with a small bit of material and then adding elements
Often involves mixing materials

8. Methods Substitution “Casting”
A mold is made and then some type of material that will turn from liquid to solid is added. After it hardens, the mold is taken away.
Metal, plastic, resin, fiberglass
Usually hollow to save money, less cracking

9. Methods Manipulation “Molding”
Artist starts with the correct amount of material, and then reshapes it to it’s final form
Clay (pottery)

10. Methods
Found
Taking natural objects and putting them together to form a sculpture
Many times combined with one of the other methods
Can a naturally created object be a sculpture?

11. Methods Ephemeral A sculpture designed to exist only for a short time.
Many times , the creation of the art is as important as the final product

12. Running Fence – Christo

13. Composition - Elements
Mass
Unlike 2D art, 3D sculpture has real mass (takes up space)
The density (weight of the material) also effects the appearance
A square foot wood weights less than a square foot of metal, etc.

14. Composition – Elements
Line and form
Operate exactly as in 2D art.
Cannot be separated
Individual lines are selected and then arranged into forms, telling the viewer “what” they are looking at.

15. Composition – Elements
Focal Point
Operates exactly as in 2D art.
Where does the artist want us to look?
Open form
Parts of the work exist outside the work
Our eyes drift away from the work
Closed form
Is contained completely in the work
Our eyes are directed back into the work

16. Composition – Elements
Color
Operates exactly as in 2D art.
Different materials have different colors
The material may be chosen solely for it’s color
Some sculptures are painted

17. Greek sculpture

18. Composition – Elements
Texture
Operates exactly as in 2D art
Much more use of actual texture in sculpture
Most sculpture was created to be touched
A mark of a master sculptor is the finished texture of the work

19. Composition – Elements
Negative space
Holes or openings in the sculpture
Amount, size, and placement control how important they are in a work

20. Composition - Negative space

21. Composition – Principles
Proportion
The relationship and balance of shapes
Artistic – appearance of the subject
Technical – so the work will stand up
Placement may effect proportion
Michelangelo’s David
Torso and arms elongated because sculpture was supposed to be on the roof of a building

22. Composition – Principles
Rhythm
Harmony
Variation
Repetition
Juxtaposition
Operate as they did in 2D art
May be more subtle or hidden than in 2D visual art

23. The Discus Thrower – Byron

24. Variation with triangles

25. Other factors Articulation
How one form moves to and connects with another
Very important in sculpture because the artist must control a 3D space
(see next)

26. Other factors Emphasis (Focal area)
Important for all visual artists, but even more difficult for a sculptor as the viewer can move all around the work.
How the artist gets us to move around the work, but to return to the focal point.

27. How does it stimulate our senses?
Touch
Texture
Most sculpture is meant to be touched
Rough or smooth?
Cold or warm?

28. How does it stimulate our senses?
Temperature
Apparent warmth or coolness based on color of material or paint
Age
Old or new based on condition of the surface and weathering or aging
Can be “created” by the artist

29. How does it stimulate our senses?
Dynamics
Apparent movement of the work
Visual clues as to direction and speed
Can be altered by the movement of the viewer around the sculpture
The Discus Thrower-
moving or still?

30. How does it stimulate our senses?
Size
Has an important effect on or reaction
Exaggerated size may lend more importance to the subject
Michelangelo’s David is 18 feet tall. Would this effect our reaction?

31. How does it stimulate our senses?
Lighting
Effects;
Color
Highlights
Shadows
Appearance of mass and 3D
Is usually out of the artist's control
Outside lighting is constantly changing

32. How does it stimulate our senses?
Environment
Where is the work exhibited
Inside or Outside?
Do we see the entire work clearly, all at one time? (as in most museums)
Do we have to move around the work to get a clear or complete picture? (possibly outside)