1. Arms Control & Disarmament

2. AC & D two different concepts: AC refers to curbs on acquiring new Weapons – or reduction in some existing weapon types Disarmament refers to quantitative reduction in total number of existing Weapons – i.e. elimination of specific armaments or G&CD

3. UN Charter itself undermines G&CD System of Collective Security; Mly Staff Comm etc as well as legitimisation of Collective Defence War not made illegal in system.

4. AC seems to have two purposes: One: For developed states AC has evolved primarily in terms of economic efficiency and cost effectiveness Two: For developing states AC has been Imposed as a means of technology control rather than a means to reduce overall level of arms

5. Nowhere is this more prevalent than in the nuclear weapons field. Nuclear weapons issue area also has recognised a duality that has to be considered: nuclear weapons vs peaceful uses of nuclear energy. From Baruch Plan to creation of IAEA to NPT, this duality recognised.

6. Irish Resolution and the Non Proliferation Treaty The creation of distinction between horizontal and vertical proliferation Can identify 2 tracks relating to Nuclear AC One: US-centric discriminatory approach premised on distinction between horizontal & vertical non proliferation

7. Two: A universal, non-discriminatory approach towards non proliferation which seeks to slow down proliferation at the global level. Major instrumentalities of the US-centric discriminatory approach:  Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) 1963  NPT

8. The Supplier Cartels  London Suppliers’ Club to Nuclear Suppliers’ Group - NSG  Missile Technology Control Regime – MTCR  Australia Group  The Wassenaar Arrangement

9. Major Instrumentalities of universal non- discriminatory approach  Nuclear Weapon Free Zones: Tlatelolco Treaty; Rarotonga Treaty; Bangkok Treaty; Pelindaba Treaty  Committee on Assurances of Supply  Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty - CTBT

10. The Fissile Material issue: FMT vs FMCT Shift in Non proliferation focus post-9/11 - From non proliferation per se to nuclear programmes fo specific countries. - Indo-US nuclear deal 2005 - the 123 Agreement passed by US Congress

11. India’s Nuclear Doctrine - Premised on a triad of forces - Second strike capability - Development of ICBMs - -Development of space-based systems - Missile Defence acquisition - Retraction of NFU

12. What it means- In military terms: - Expansive reach across Asia - Naval reach threatens entire Indian Ocean region - Missile Defence will start nuclear & missile race in region - No commitment to reduce conventional forces

13. In political terms: -Indian nuclear intent -Push for “great power” status -Negates measures for nuclear restraint in Pak-India Feb 1999 nuclear MOU -Makes it difficult for Pakistan to sustain nuclear restraint

14. Pakistan & AC&D -FMT not FMCT -CTBT – Supported in principle Other initiatives: Pre-1998 NWFZ; mutual renunciation of nuclear capability; the 5, 5+2, 5+2+2 proposals; Zero-Missile regime

15. Pakistan ratified the International Convention on Nuclear Safety in Sept. 1997

16. Post-May 1998 -Unilateral moratorium on testing & offer of regional test ban treaty to India - Nuclear restraint regime as well as nuclear risk reduction & proposal for non-induction of ABM & SLBM systems

17. Ensuring non-proliferation norms post- nuclearisation Pakistan created its Nuclear Regulatory Authority for civilian nuclear matters in 2001 In September 2004, Pakistan’s Parliament passed a bill on tightening controls on nuclear materials, equipment and technology as well as biological weapons by imposing a ban on their unauthorised transfer outside Pakistan.

18. NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY (NCA) Chairman: Prime Minister Secretariat SPD Employment Control Committee Deputy Chairman - Foreign Minister Members Minister for Defence Minister for Interior Minister for Finance Chairman JCSC Services Chiefs Secretary, Director General Strategic Plans Division By Invitation. Others as required Development Control Committee Deputy Chairman - CJCSC Members Services Chiefs Heads of concerned strategic organizations i.e Scientists Secretary, Director General Strategic Plans Division Services Strategic Forces (Operational Control - NCA) Army Navy Air Force (Technical, Training, & Administrative Control)

19. Future Course Has to be through mutual agreement & recognition of a move away from a zero sum situation  Establishment of a strategic stability regime  Nuclear risk reduction  Balance in terms of missile deployments & numbers  Conventional force reductions