1. Race and Calhoun County: What Does the Data Say? Calhoun County Summit on the Healing of Racism September 22 nd 2006 Jason Reece, AICP Senior Research Associate Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity The Ohio State University http://www.kirwaninstitute.org/

2. 2 Overview Reviewing the data Reviewing the data –Does the data support the findings/opinions of summit participants? –Need to look deeper than just disparities Looking at some of the key sector areas Looking at some of the key sector areas –Education –Housing –Health –Crime –Business/Economic Development Despite the importance of all issues identified by summit participants, data limitations do not allow us to look at everything Despite the importance of all issues identified by summit participants, data limitations do not allow us to look at everything

3. 3 Kalamazoo-Battle Creek Disparities (2000 Census) IndicatorBlackHispanicAsian Median HH Income.73.86.91 Per Capita Income.76.86.97 % Below Poverty 2.011.471.72 % College Ed.76.821.50 % Unemployed 1.581.321.97 % Own home.79.91.73 Expressed as a ratio against the indicator for whites

4. 4 Moving Beyond Thinking of Just Disparities We must look in greater detail into more than just disparities We must look in greater detail into more than just disparities –What are potential causal factors? –Disparities harm everyone and the entire region  Both people of color and Whites do poorly in some areas

5. 5 Thinking About the Entire Region Disparities our tied to the health of the entire region Disparities our tied to the health of the entire region –Between 2000 and 2005, the population of Calhoun County is estimated to have declined by 3% –Between 1999 and 2003, the County lost 8% of its employment opportunities –The County’s poverty rate increased 26% between 2000 and 2005 Source: U.S. Census Bureau

6. 6 Education Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? –Yes, along several areas  Test Score disparities, racial/economic segregation, community differences  School funding?

7. 7 Calhoun County: Percent Passing Proficiency Tests by Race in 2004 Source: Standard and Poors Database

8. 8 Variation in School Districts in Calhoun County 2004 (% Economically Disadvantaged, % Passing Reading and Math Proficiency, % African American)

9. 9 Educational Equity % POOR IN THE SCHOOL OF AVERAGE GROUP MEMBER Kalamazoo-Battle Creek MSA: 2000 Census

10. 10 Kalamazoo-Battle Creek MSA Racial Segregation in Schools Taken directly from the Lewis Mumford Center

11. 11 School Funding: Per Pupil Expenditures for Albion, Battle Creek Districts and County Average 2004

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13. 13 Housing Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? –Yes –Neighborhood Segregation, Lending Disparities, Cost Issues, Homeownership –Outcomes should be better for all

14. 14 Racial and Economic Segregation Convergence between school segregation and neighborhood segregation Convergence between school segregation and neighborhood segregation –Also racial segregation and economic segregation African American Neighborhoods African American Neighborhoods –On average, had poverty rates that were double the rates of the average White neighborhood in the Kalamazoo-Battle Creek MSA

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17. 17 Housing Cost Concerns Cost burdened households Cost burdened households In 2000: In 2000: –43% of low income households had housing problems due to cost –Nearly 20% of low income households were severely cost burdened (paying more than half of their income for housing) Cost and geographic exclusion Cost and geographic exclusion –Geographic trends in areas of growth and housing cost –Racial impact Source: Dept. of Housing and Urban Development

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21. 21 Source: HMDA and Dataplace Lending Disparities

22. 22 Homeownership Disparities Homeownership rates by race in Calhoun County (2000) Homeownership rates by race in Calhoun County (2000) –White 77% –African American 52% –Latino 53% Reflection on racial disparities in housing cost problems and asset development Reflection on racial disparities in housing cost problems and asset development Source: Census Bureau

23. 23 Health Care Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? –Yes –Health outcome disparities, pre and neonatal health, insurance access –Outcomes should be better for all

24. 24 Health Disparity 2004: Calhoun County

25. 25 Health Disparity 2004: Calhoun County

26. 26 Calhoun County: Racial Disparities (Prenatal Health) Source: Michigan Department of Health In 2004, 16% of White mothers and 20% of African American mothers did not receive prenatal care.

27. 27 Health Care Access: Insurance Rates for Michigan 2003-2004

28. 28 Representation and Cultural Competency In 2005, only 5% of Physicians in Michigan are African American and only 2% are Latino; in comparison the State’s total African American population is 14% and the total Latino population is 4%.

29. 29 Crime Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? –State trends reflect some issues identified by the group –National data support other issues –Limited local data in this area

30. 30 Incarceration Rates by Race MI In 2001 In 2001 –African American incarceration rates in MI were 2,247 (rate per 100,000 population) –White incarceration rates in MI were 369  A disparity in incarceration rates of more than 600% Source: The Sentencing Project

31. 31 Incarceration Rates by Race MI

32. 32 Arrest Rates 2004 Calhoun County African Americans represented 35% of arrests in Calhoun County African Americans represented 35% of arrests in Calhoun County African Americans represent 46% of narcotics arrests African Americans represent 46% of narcotics arrests –More than 15% of all African American arrests were for narcotics related offenses, compared to 9% of White arrests

33. 33 Racial Profiling MI 2000 Traffic Citations Traffic Citations –African American Males represent 8.6% of citations Probable Cause Searches Probable Cause Searches –African American Males were involved in 24% of all searches (in comparison African American males make up 6% of total population) Source: Michigan State Police

34. 34 Crime Victimization: Homicide

35. 35 Crime Victimization: Homicide

36. 36 Business and Economic Development Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? Are reflections by summit participants reflected in the data? –Yes –Poverty, wages, proximity to jobs –Poor economic conditions in region/state may make conditions grow worse

37. 37 Racial Disparities: Calhoun County in 2000 Poverty Rates Poverty Rates –White (9%) –African American (23%) Per Capita Income Per Capita Income –White ($20,091) –African American ($14,518) Source: US Census Bureau

38. 38 Proximity: Job Trends and Race

39. 39 Proximity: Job Trends and Race

40. 40 Questions or Comments? For More Information Visit Us On-Line: www.KirwanInstitute.org www.KirwanInstitute.org