1. USC Mobile regions, healthy people: Exploring the transportation – land use – environment – public health connection Lake Arrowhead Symposium October 2005 Genevieve Giuliano University of Southern California

2. USC Subtitle: The benefits and costs of automobility Another subtitle: the benefits and costs of cheap transportation The costs – a long and growing list The benefits – a list increasingly ignored Focus on human costs and benefits

3. USC Costs Genevieve Giuliano  Congestion  Health effects of pollution  Traffic crashes  Physical activity?

4. USC Private Vehicles 196919771983199019952001 Persons/HH3.162.832.692.562.63N/A Vehicles/HH1.161.591.681.771.781.90 Veh/driver0.700.940.981.011.001.08 Veh trips/HH3.833.954.075.696.36N/A VMT/driver20.619.518.728.432.129.0 Source: NPTS/NHTS

5. USC Basic stats: 5 county urbanized region 198019902000 Population (millions) 11.19214.01215.779 Employment (millions) 5.3886.8757.242

6. USC LA/OC Urbanized Area 19822002 Total daily VMT165M293M Total road miles22.8K26.3K Total person-hrs delay 186M625M Congestion cost$1.951B$11.231B Delay/person19 hrs49 hrs Source: Texas Transportation Institute

7. SCAG 2005 State of the Region LA/LB largest container port in US, 5 th in world

8. USC Air pollution Growing recognition of health hazards of small particulates –SCAQMD studies –USC health panel studies Role of goods movement, international trade –Large increases in truck traffic, port activity –Jurisdiction issues Increasing marginal costs of emissions reductions

9. SCAG 2005 State of the Region Other problems: PM10 and PM2.5

10. PLA Emissions: NO 2 /PM 10

11. USC PM 10 emissions sources – POLA

12. USC Adverse Health Impacts USC researchers have discovered: –Deaths increased by up to 17% for each increase of 10 micrograms per cubic meter of PM 2.5 particles. –Deaths from heart disease rose by as much as 39%. –More lung cancer deaths also occurred. –Children near freeways have 89% higher risk of developing asthma

13. Source: SCAQMD MATES II Cancer deaths per 1 million persons

14. Clusters of Concern Source: LA Weekly 9/23-29/05

15. USC Traffic safety 2004 KilledInjured Total42,6362,788,000 Vehicle occupants33,1342,594,000 Motorcycle4,00876,000 Pedestrian4,64168,000 Bike72541,000 Other non-occ1289,000 Source: NTSA 2004 Statistics

16. USC Top 10 leading causes of death by age group, 2002 Age< 1 yr 1 – 3 4 – 15 16 – 24 25 – 34 35 – 44 45 – 64 > 65all rank8211138n/a8 share0.410.022.234.016.87.52.21.8 Source: NTSA 2005

17. USC Physical Activity Physical activity “engineered” out of daily life –Fewer high activity jobs –More labor saving devices –More leisure time –More TV and video games –More motorized travel Shifts in travel significant, but represent small proportion of daily activities

18. BaseNon- motorized travel up 100% Active paid work up 10% Active free time up 25% All strategies Female Active4.104.204.304.214.52 Not active19.9019.8019.7019.7919.49 Change active 2.6%4.8%2.6%10.3% Male Active3.934.024.164.044.36 Not active20.0719.9819.8419.9619.64 Change active 2.3%5.8%2.7%11.0% Summary of results, hours/day

19. USC Benefits Access to….. –jobs, education –preferred housing, neighborhoods, amenities –social networks –health care –consumer goods and services Transportation as equalizer

20. USC Access to jobs Auto vs transit access to jobs –Studies show transit access much inferior, even in cities with extensive service –Transit travel times –Transit schedule, service mismatches Spatial mismatch –Patterns of population, job decentralization –Where jobs are vs where workers are Job mobility –Job turnover –Careers and sequential jobs

21. USC Access to housing, neighborhoods Varied preferences for housing, neighborhoods –Preferences for single family detached –Niche markets West Hollywood, Santa Monica, San Marino Community attachment –Attachment to “place” –Social networks Jobs/housing balance –Longer commutes make possible more preferred job and residence choices –Residential mobility lower than job mobility Access to parks, recreation, other amenities

22. USC Access to social networks Mobility and well-being among the elderly –Social integration key problem for elderly Social roles, social networks –Psychological importance of out-of-home activities –Seniors identify mobility as critical element in life satisfaction –Car as freedom, independence, means for mobility –Cessation of driving Loss of independence, social isolation, reduced access to essential services Distributed families, friends and cheap air travel

23. USC Access to health care Problems of the uninsured –As more providers avoid treating uninsured, access to healthcare declines –Difficulties in transporting the sick, frail Transit not an option in an emergency Problems of the insured –Provider restrictions –Finding the best possible care

24. USC Access to consumer goods and services The poor pay more –Captured markets Limited variety of food, consumer goods in low income neighborhoods –Living in a “food desert” –Banks and financial services Competition and scale economies –Target, Wal-Mart not all bad

25. USC Transportation as equalizer Options to address spatial disparities –Disperse the poor among the non-poor –Promote jobs, economic activity in poor, minority areas –Provide transport to overcome spatial segmentation The first two options face many barriers; transport becomes the default

26. USC Conclusion Automobility has large costs and large benefits. The policy challenge is to reduce the costs while preserving the benefits.