1. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » EUCAR The Well – to – Wheel Approach : This approach considers not only the GHGs produced when a fuel is used in the Vehicle ( Tank to Wheel – TtW ), but also the GHGs emitted in the Fuel production and distribution ( Well to Tank – WtT ). Focusing on the GHGs emissions produced by the fuel consumed by a Vehicle can give a misleading impression on the true GHG impact of the Propulsion System / Fuel combinaison, …

2. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » Well – to – Tank Emphasis on the Hydrogen Production Pathways

3. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » Compressed Hydrogen Pathways * Excluding Electricity ( Electrolysis )

4. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » Liquified Hydrogen Pathways * Excluding Electricity ( Electrolysis )

5. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » Electricity Production Pathways Electricity to Hydrogen Pathways IGCC Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle / CCGT : Combined Cycle Gas Turbine

6. Hydrogen Pathways Summary Electrolysis must be the “last resort” unless an uncontroversial renewable energy source can be used Liquid H2 is more Energy and GHG intensive than Compressed H2

7. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » Tank – to – Wheel Gasoline, Diesel, Natural Gas, Hydrogen 2002 : only Internal Combustion Engines 2010 : include both I.C.E and Fuel Cells as a Reference : « Virtual » Vehicle PISI 1,6 Gasoline

8. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » * additional fuels are under consideration : LPG, Bio-Gas

9. Tank-to-Wheel study : Compared G.H.G. emissions STATE of the ART 2002

10. Tank-to-Wheel study : Compared G.H.G. emissions Forecast 2010 Direct H2 Fuel Cells

11. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » Well – to – Wheel * Conventional Fuel ICE / Hydrogen ICE / Hydrogen FC

12. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » * Conventional Fossil Fuels / Hydrogen ( ICE )

13. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » * Conventional Fossil Fuels / Hydrogen ( Fuel Cell )

14. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » Well – to – Wheel ( GHG global Impact ) Conventional Fuel ICE / Hydrogen ICE / Hydrogen FC Strongly depending on the H2 production Pathways, the H2 fuelled Vehicles could offer attractive GHG figures

15. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » Well – to – Wheel ( GHG global Impact ) ( continued, … ) Prior to enter into the Hydrogen era, there are many « BioMass to Liquid Fuel » pathways to develop in order to bring an « immediate » effect on the entire vehicle fleet, …

16. BtL : BioMass to Liquid Fuels ( like “SunDiesel” fuels ) are nowadays : Intrinsically “Clean” : ( 0 sulfur, 0 aromatics ) Low polluting : particles HCCO - 25 %- 60 % - 90 % * Usable directly in present « State-of-the-Art » vehicles : entire fleet, … * Need NO specific distribution network (blend : 1 up to 100 %) * Need NO specific technology to be developped Will bring : - Immediate, global G.H.G. benefit, as soon as available - Durable and domestic sourcing ( biomass, residues and waste ) - Potential renewable hydrogen sourcing…. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach »

17. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » On an Environmental Point of View, and as far as the GHG impact of the Road Transport Sector is concerned, the only valid approach is the Global Well to Wheel Overview, as the only way to cover the complete chain : ** from the Fuel Production ( Well ) to the Fuel Consumption ( Wheel ), … ** just as an example, …, for a Std Diesel Passenger Car : Cold NEDC ( CO2 eq. g/km )  Tank To WheelsWell To Wheels Conv. Diesel ( ex crude ) 138164 FAME ( Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ) 14393 BtL ( from Wood ) 13817

18. Conference on the Future of Energy in Enlarged Europe Warsaw, 7 – 8 th October 2004 Round Table : Hydrogen Energy Technology / Economy « The New Fuels and their Future / WtW approach » a « Step by Step » Approach, … :