1. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization (Grundlagen der thermischen Nutzung von Biomasse) Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien)

2. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Content ADefinitions and Energy Units BOverview about Biomass Utilization (Austria, Europe, World) CFuel Related Characteristics of Biomass DFundamentals of Thermal Conversion of Biomass EPrinciples of Energy Transformation

3. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Chapter A: Definitions and Energy Units Questions to be answered: What is biomass ? Which types of energy carriers are distinguished ? Which units are used for energy ? How much energy is 1 Joule ? How much energy contains 1 kg wood ?

4. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Definitions 1 - Biomass Biomass - the total weight of living organisms. Biomass - organic matter available on a renewable basis. Biomass - includes all kinds of materials that were directly or indirectly derived (not too long ago) from photosynthesis reactions, such as vegetal matter and its derivatives: e.g. wood and wood wastes, fast-growing trees and plants, agricultural crops and wastes, livestock operation residues, aquatic plants, and municipal and industrial wastes.

5. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Definitions 2 – Bioenergy / Biofuels Bioenergy – is the word used for energy associated to biomass. Biofuels – are energy carriers where solar energy is stored as chemical energy. Energy carrier – is a material (fuel) which can be transformed directly or by several technical conversions into useful energy.

6. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Definitions 3 – Conversion of Energy Primary energy - energy, which has not yet been technically converted (e.g. solar energy, chemical energy in fossil or renewable fuels). Secondary energy – energy, which is obtained from primary energy after one or several conversions in different technical plants (e.g.: diesel, heating oil, biodiesel, electricity, pellets). During conversion losses will occur. End energy (Final consumption) – energy, which is suitable for the end user (e.g. heating oil in the tank of the oil burner, wood chips at the storage of the central heating). Useful energy – energy, which has been transformed by the end consumers to satisfy their needs (e.g. room heating, cooking, transport). Useful energy is converted from end energy. Again, losses will occur in this step.

7. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Primary Energy Secondary Energy End Energy Useful Energy

8. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Energy Units The unit of energy is Joule (J). 1 J is the work, that is carried out, if a force of 1 Newton is acting along a length of 1 meter. The unit of force is Newton. 1N = 1kgx1m/s 2 Gravitational force on earth: On a mass of 1 kg a force of 1kgx9,81m/s 2 = 9,81N is acting. Power is given in Watt (W), whereas 1 W = 1 J/s. Newton (N), Joule (J), and Watt (W) are international units (SI-units).

9. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization ….. further Units for Energy toe (ton of oil equivalent) = 41,9x10 9 J (oil industry) boe (barrel of oil equivalent)= 6,3x10 9 J (oil industry) tce (ton of coal equivalent)= 29,3x10 9 J (coal industry) kWh (kilo-watt-hour)= 3,6 x10 6 J (electrical industry)

10. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization 450 - 500 EJ 1,16.10 -6 kWh)

11. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization Metrical System

12. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization How many kilograms have to be lifted to a height 1 m to generate 1 Joule of energy ? 0,1 kg 1 kg 10 kg 50 kg Illustration of 1 Joule from daily life ! A bar of chocolate with a mass of 0,1 kg contains an (chemical) energy of 2210 kJ = 2210/4,186 kcal = 528 kcal 45 minutes at the home-trainer: display showed 1500 kJ

13. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization How much energy contains 1 kg wood ? The (chemical) energy in wood is given by the calorific value: Hu = 15 MJ/kg Which mass (kg) can be lifted 1 m in height with the energy from 1 kg wood ? 15 kg 150 kg 1500 kg 15000 kg 150000 kg 1500000 kg

14. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization What is useful energy ? A)energy, which has not yet been technically converted B)energy, which is obtained from primary energy after one or several conversions C)energy, which is suitable for the end users D)energy, which has been transformed by the end consumers to satisfy their needs Multiple Choice Test

15. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization KWh is a unit for energy and is used frequently for amount of electricity. Transfer 1 kWh into Joule (kJ) it amounts: A)1 kJ B)3,6 kJ C)1.000 kJ D)3.600 kJ Multiple Choice Test

16. MSc Program - Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe Univ. Prof. Dipl. Ing. Dr. Hermann Hofbauer Modul 2 - Biomass, Biogas, and Biofuels Fundamentals of Thermal Biomass Utilization 450 - 500 EJ 1,16.10 -6 kWh)