2. Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School Robert Wade AP World History Bryan Adams High School

3. Early Human Migrations

4. Origins of the Peoples of the Americas? Origins of the Peoples of the Americas? Sculpture from the Americas

5. Major Pre-Columbian Civilizations

7. Lands of the Mayans The Yucatan Peninsula

8. Classical Mayan Cutlure  50+ city states  written language, calendar, mathematics, astronomy –Dec. 22, 2016  monumental architecture  neolithic technology

9. Cities as Religious Centers  Tikal, Copan, Palenque, Chichen Itza  30,-80,000 people  intensive agriculture  dense population

10. Mayan collapse  700-900 A.D.  invasion from the north?  Warfare between cities  environmental collapse?

11. Mayan Collapse  most cities vanished  “Mexicanized”groups took over some cities  rise of the Toltecs –area of Teotihuacan

12. Chichen-Itza - Pyramid

13. Chichen-Itza - Observatory

14. Chichen-Itza - Ball Court

15. Mayan Cultivation of Maize Chac, God of Rain 

16. Mayan Underground Granaries: Chultunes

17. Overview of Tikal (Guatemala) Temple of the Masks

18. Tikal Jungle View at Sunset

19. Tikal - Main Court

20. Tikal: Temple of the Masks

21. Tikal - Wall Mask of the Rain God

22. Mayan Glyphs Mayan Mathematics sky king house child city sky king house child city

23. Mayan Glyphs

24. Mayan Drinking Cup for Chocolate

25. Pakal: The Maya Astronaut

26. The God of Wisdom & Learning Quetzalcoatl: The God of Wisdom & Learning

28. New Cultures  appearance of new peoples in central America  Toltecs  Aztecs

29. The Toltecs  adopted sedentary agricultural practices  added a strong military and imperial culture –conquest of neighboring peoples  ritual wars –war....capture...sacrifice  “givers of civilization”

30. Toltec empire  central Mexico  expansion into former Mayan territories  northern Mexico –trade with the American Southwest –Chaco Canyon ???

31. Quetzalcoatl  The Feathered Serpent  Topiltzin: a priest –religious reformer –opposed to human and animal sacrifice  exiled to the east, with a promise to return on a specific date  same year as Cortez and the Conquistadors

32. The Aztecs  collapse of the Toltecs: 1150 A.D.  influx of nomadic invaders form the north  shift of power to central Mexico –large lakes –fertile agricultural areas  contests for control

33. The Aztecs: Origins  obscure background  claimed to have live in the area originally  exiled to the north to Aztlan  actually, nomads from the North  took advantage of the Toltec collapse  wrote history to suit their purposes

34. Origins  group who settled near Lake Texcoco  1325 A.D.  competed with other Chichimec immigrants  small states –claiming connections to the Toltecs –speaking Nahuatl

35. Lake Texcoco  several tribes  small city-state  Azcapotzalco, Culhuacan  Culhuacan: control by diplomatic marriage  complex alliances, constantly shifting

36. Aztecs  new group  used as mercenaries and occasional allies  constant movement around the lake shore –driven by stronger powers  reputation: good warriors and religious fanatics

37. Aztec Settlement  the legend: an eagle on a cactus, holding a rattlesnake  an island in Lake Texcoco  Tenochtitlan –1325 A.D. –Tlateloco: a second settlement

38. Aztec expansion  more active role in regional politics  rebelled against Azcapotzalco  emerged as an independent power  political merge: 1434 –Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, Tlacopan –Aztecs dominated the alliance

39. Social and Political Change  imperial expansion  subject peoples paid tribute, surrender land, and do military service  stratified society –under the authority of a supreme ruler –Tlacaelel: advised rulers and rewrote histories –the Aztecs had been chosen to serve the gods  human sacrifice greatly expanded

40. Human sacrifice  role of the military  role of expansion  flower wars  means of political terrorism  cult of sacrifice united with the political state

41. Religion and Conquest  little distinction between the natural and supernatural  traditional gods and goddesses  128 major deities

42. Gods  male/female dualism  different manifestations  five aspects –four directions –the center  gods as patrons  complex ceremonial year

43. Gods, con’t  gods of fertility and agriculture  gods of creation –cosmology and philosophical thought  gods of warfare  Huitzilopochtli: their tribal deity –identified with the Sun God

44. The Sun God and Sacrifice  a warrior in the daytime sky  fighting to give life to the world  enemy of the forces of night  the sun needs strength  52 year cycle of the world –required blood to avert destruction

45. The Sun God, con’t  sacrifice for sacrifice  the gods need nourishment –human blood and hearts  adoption of longstanding human sacrifice  expansion to “industrial” proportions –10,000 people on one occasion

46. The Empire: the Economy  high population density  combination of tradition and innovation –chinampas –20,000 acres –four crops a year  food as tribute

47. The Empire: the Economy  high population density  combination of tradition and innovation –chinampas –20,000 acres –four crops a year  food as tribute

48. Lands of the Aztecs

49. Aztec View of Tenochtitlan

50. Ruins of the City Center, Tenochtitlan

51. The Codex Mendoza : The Founding of Tenochtitlan

52. Tenochtitlan: The “Venice” of the Americas

53. Aztec Chinampa or Floating Garden: 15ft. to 30ft. wide

54. Tenochtitlan - Chinampas

55. Aztec Math Aztec Writing

56. Aztec Sun Stone -- Calendar

57. Aztec Sun Motifs

58. Aztec Codex (15c Manuscript)

59. The Aztecs Were Fierce Warriors

60. Aztecs Sacrifice Neighboring Tribes to the Sun God

61. Heart Sacrifice on an Aztec Temple Pyramid

62. Wall of Skulls, Tenochtitlan

63. Sacrificial Statue, Tenochtitlan

64. Aztec Gold

66. South America: the Incas  Cuzco: original home –1350 A.D.  expansion by 1438  Incan empire –ruled 10-13 million people

67. Religion and expansion  cult of ancestors  “split inheritance” –position to successor –land and wealth to descendants to care for the dead  new land necessary for each ruler

68. Religion  animism  sun worship

69. The Empire  four provinces  decimal organizations  Ouechua: the official language  colonists

70. The Empire con’t  infrastructure: roads and bridges  communications by runners –10,000  purpose: land and labor  little actual tribute

71. Inca “socialism”  empire claimed all resources  redistributed them evenly to all peoples  local independence  access to new goods and services

72. Weakness  top-heavy with royal and noble families  low level of technology  easy prey for the Spanish

73. Lands of the Incas

74. Cuzco: A ncient Capital of the Inca (11,000 ft. above sea level)

75. Machu Picchu

77. Incan Suspension Bridges

78. Incan Terrace Farming

79. Incan Digging Sticks

80. Maize in Incan Pottery & Gold Work

81. Over 100 Different Types of Potatoes Cultivated by the Incans

82. Produce from a Typical Incan Market

83. Incan Ceramic Jars PeanutPeanut PotatoPotato SquashSquash Cacao God Cacao Pod

84. The Quipu: An Incan Database

85. Incan Mummies

86. Inca Gold & Silver