1. Review  What was the Judenrat?  What was Kristallnacht? What led to it?  What happened at the Wannsee Conference? Why was it significant?  Why didn’t more Jews leave Europe during the Holocaust?  What were some ways Jews responded to their circumstances during the Holocaust?

2. Rise of the State of Israel Modern Israel in a Nutshell The Israelis By Donna Rosenthal

3. Israel  Place of contradictions Jewish – Arab world Secular/Religious Modern/Traditional No homogenous groups  Group Mentality Everyone part of a family Tact = dishonesty

4. The State  Knesset – parliamentary system  120 members – rep over 20 different political parties  Coalitions must be formed  Political parties rep minority groups and religious groups

5. Religious State  Not theocracy, but religious in nature Israeli flag based on a tallit Jewish holidays are state holidays Control over life cycle events given to religious groups

6. Israeli Defense Force  Formed in 1948  Mandatory military service for men and women  Impact on lives of Israelis Uniting experience Think creatively Family oriented

7. What national groups make up Jewish Israelis?  Ashkenazim WASP = White Ashkenazim with Proteksia  Sabra – nickname for native Israelis  Proteksia – Russian term for protection/power Western and Eastern European Zionists and first settlers of Israel  Developed Kibutzim – communal living unique to Israel Holocaust survivors Majority, shaped Israeli culture, expected future Jewish immigrants to be the same

8. What national groups make up Jewish Israelis?  Mizrahim Middle East and Africa  1948-1960s – 870,000 Jews  Arrived with little or no money Culturally and religiously different  Traditional Judaism  Different foods and dress  Some wanted them to “assimilate” to Ashkenazim Still live as minority group Shas – political party that represents this group

9. What national groups make up Jewish Israelis?  Russian Came after 1989 Well educated Natan Sharansky  Emigrated in 1986  Created Yisrael b’aliyah  Member of Knesset 1996-2005 Not all are Jewish Cultural differences Tension with Mizrahi

10. What national groups make up Jewish Israelis?  Ethiopian Operation Moses (mid- 1980s) Operation Solomon (1991) Different culture led to racism Tension with religious authority of state

11. Next Class  Class Project Individual Meetings Sign-up for time to meet with Professor Berger Arrive at least 5 minutes before meeting time