1. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chapter 19 States and Societies in Sub- Saharan Africa

2. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Effects of Early African Migrations Bantu-speaking peoples settle south of Equator Bantu-speaking peoples settle south of Equator Agriculture, herding spreads with Bantu migrations Agriculture, herding spreads with Bantu migrations Iron metallurgy Iron metallurgy

3. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Bantu Migrations, 2000 BCE- 1000 CE

4. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Cultivation of Bananas Domesticated in south-east Asia Domesticated in south-east Asia Malay sailors colonize Madagascar, 300- 500 CE Malay sailors colonize Madagascar, 300- 500 CE –Introduce bananas, yams, chickens Well-adapted to African climate Well-adapted to African climate Food supply increases with this key crop Food supply increases with this key crop

5. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Population Growth

6. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kin-Based Societies Stateless, segmentary societies Stateless, segmentary societies No elaborate hierarchies, bureaucracies No elaborate hierarchies, bureaucracies Average population of village: 100 Average population of village: 100 Ruled by elders Ruled by elders Network of villages resolve disputes in ad hoc manner Network of villages resolve disputes in ad hoc manner Higher government authorities rare Higher government authorities rare

7. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Chiefdoms Population pressures after 1000 increase competition, disputes Population pressures after 1000 increase competition, disputes Small chiefdoms appear, overrule kin- based groups Small chiefdoms appear, overrule kin- based groups Small kingdoms form Small kingdoms form –Ife, Benin

8. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kingdoms and empires of sub- Saharan Africa, 800-1500 C.E.

9. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kingdom of Kongo Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river Conglomeration of several village alliances Conglomeration of several village alliances Participated actively in trade networks Participated actively in trade networks Most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms Most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms Royal currency: cowries Royal currency: cowries Ruled 14 th -17 th century until undermined by Portugese slave traders Ruled 14 th -17 th century until undermined by Portugese slave traders

10. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Islamic Kingdoms and Empires Islam spreads to west Africa Islam spreads to west Africa –Trans-Saharan caravans –Coastal east Africa through maritime trade Profound influence after 8 th century Profound influence after 8 th century

11. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Trans-saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa Desiccation of Sahara begins c. 5000 BCE Desiccation of Sahara begins c. 5000 BCE Introduction of Arabian camels revolutionizes trade Introduction of Arabian camels revolutionizes trade –70-90 days to cross Sahara Arabs establish trading communities Arabs establish trading communities –Gao

12. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Kingdom of Ghana Not related to modern State of Ghana Not related to modern State of Ghana Developed 4 th -5 th c. CE Developed 4 th -5 th c. CE Protection against camel-driving raiders Protection against camel-driving raiders Center of African gold trade Center of African gold trade –Imported from south to Ghana Also sold ivory, slaves Also sold ivory, slaves

13. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Berbers GOLD SALT Gold-Salt Trade

14. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Koumbi-Saleh Capital of Kingdom of Ghana Capital of Kingdom of Ghana High point 9 th -12 th centuries High point 9 th -12 th centuries –Population 15,000-20,000 Military, cultural center Military, cultural center

15. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Islam in West Africa Kings of Ghana convert 10 th c. Kings of Ghana convert 10 th c. Positive impact on trade, relations with north Africa Positive impact on trade, relations with north Africa Synthesized Islam with local traditions Synthesized Islam with local traditions –Nearby Takrur aggressive missionaries

16. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sundiata (r. 1230-1255) Empire of Mali extends over Kingdom of Ghana Empire of Mali extends over Kingdom of Ghana –Neighboring kingdoms as well Took greater advantage of trans-Saharan trade Took greater advantage of trans-Saharan trade Nominally Muslim, but did not force conversions Nominally Muslim, but did not force conversions

17. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mansa Musa (r. 1312-1337) Grandson of Sundiata Grandson of Sundiata Fervent Muslim Fervent Muslim Performed Hajj in 1324-25 Performed Hajj in 1324-25 –Constructed numerous mosques –Supported Muslim scholars Empire declines after his rule Empire declines after his rule

18. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Mansa Musa

19. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Timbuktu-”Heavenly Clay”

20. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa East coast maritime trade weak until 2 nd century East coast maritime trade weak until 2 nd century Bantu peoples populate coast Bantu peoples populate coast Swahili (“coasters”) engage in trade with Arabs Swahili (“coasters”) engage in trade with Arabs –Language a form of Bantu, influenced by Arabic 10 th century trade increases 10 th century trade increases

21. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Swahili City-States Great wealth, 11 th -12 th centuries CE Great wealth, 11 th -12 th centuries CE Development of city-states Development of city-states Architecture moved from wood/mud to coral, stone Architecture moved from wood/mud to coral, stone Chinese silk, porcelain imported Chinese silk, porcelain imported

22. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

23. African Trade Routes

24. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Islamic Invasions

25. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kilwa City-state on east African coast City-state on east African coast Fishing, limited trade, 800-1000 CE Fishing, limited trade, 800-1000 CE Turn to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and stoneware Turn to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and stoneware Major trading center by 14 th century Major trading center by 14 th century –Exporting over a ton of gold per year by 15 th century CE

26. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Zimbabwe “dwelling of the chief” “dwelling of the chief” Stone complex called “Great Zimbabwe” built early 13 th century CE, capital Stone complex called “Great Zimbabwe” built early 13 th century CE, capital Population 18,000 in late 15 th century Population 18,000 in late 15 th century Managed trade between internal and coastal regions Managed trade between internal and coastal regions

27. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Islam in East Africa Ruling elites in east Africa accept Islam without forcing general population to convert Ruling elites in east Africa accept Islam without forcing general population to convert Often retained pagan religious traditions and practices Often retained pagan religious traditions and practices Islam serves as social glue with other merchants, states Islam serves as social glue with other merchants, states

28. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Arabian Society and Cultural Development Some kingdoms, empires, city-states with well-defined classes Some kingdoms, empires, city-states with well-defined classes –Ruling elites –Merchant class –Peasant class Other areas in sub-Saharan Africa continue to use traditional kin-based groups Other areas in sub-Saharan Africa continue to use traditional kin-based groups

29. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Kinship Groups Extended families, clans Extended families, clans Idea of private property less prevalent Idea of private property less prevalent Land held communally Land held communally Harvests distributed by elders Harvests distributed by elders

30. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Sex and Gender Relations Men work with specialized skills Men work with specialized skills –Tanning, iron work –Heavy labor Both sexes work in agriculture Both sexes work in agriculture Male rule more common, but some expanded roles for women Male rule more common, but some expanded roles for women –Merchants, some military activity Islamic norms slow to penetrate African society Islamic norms slow to penetrate African society

31. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Age grades From early agricultural period, Sudan From early agricultural period, Sudan Peer groups of single age cohort Peer groups of single age cohort Crosses lines of family and kinship Crosses lines of family and kinship

32. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Slavery Practiced since ancient times Practiced since ancient times Most slaves captives of war Most slaves captives of war –Debtors –Suspected witches –Criminals Used principally in agricultural labor Used principally in agricultural labor Slave possession a status symbol Slave possession a status symbol

33. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Slave Trading Increased trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade stimulates slave trade, 9 th c. CE Increased trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade stimulates slave trade, 9 th c. CE Africa replaces eastern Europe as principal source of slaves Africa replaces eastern Europe as principal source of slaves Creates internal African slave trade Creates internal African slave trade –More powerful states attack smaller kinship- based groups –10,000-20,000 slaves per year

34. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Arabian Swahili Slave Trade

35. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Zanj Revolt Slaves from Swahili coast exported to work in Mesopotamia Slaves from Swahili coast exported to work in Mesopotamia –Sugarcane plantations –Salt deposits 869 CE, slave Ali bin Muhamad mounts revolt of 15,000 slaves 869 CE, slave Ali bin Muhamad mounts revolt of 15,000 slaves Captures Basra Captures Basra Later crushed by Abbasids Later crushed by Abbasids

36. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. African Religion Great diversity of religious belief Great diversity of religious belief Common element: single, male creator god Common element: single, male creator god –Lesser deities associated with natural phenomena Ancestor worship Ancestor worship Diviners Diviners –Religious specialists, principally men –Oracle reading, spells, other rituals Limited emphasis on theology Limited emphasis on theology Morality, balance of nature important Morality, balance of nature important

37. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Early Christianity in North Africa 1 st century: popular in Egypt, north Africa 1 st century: popular in Egypt, north Africa –Initially weak in sub-Saharan Africa The Christian Kingdom of Axum, 4 th c. CE The Christian Kingdom of Axum, 4 th c. CE –Ethiopia –Merchants, then kings convert –Bible translated into Ethiopian –Isolated during Islamic period, renaissance during 12 th century CE –Massive churches carved out of solid rock

38. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. The Obelisk at Axum

39. Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. Ethiopian Christianity Isolation from other Christian areas until 16 th century Isolation from other Christian areas until 16 th century Independent development Independent development Strong African influence Strong African influence –Spirit world –amulets