1. Contribution of Viscosity Modifiers on Fuel Economy Engine Oils
KSTLE Lubricants Symposium 2007
Cheju, September
Dr. Hitoshi Hamaguchi
Degussa Japan Co., Ltd.

2. Agenda Fuel Economy Regulations Vehicle Fuel Economy
Engine Oil and Fuel Economy
Ultra Low Viscosity Engine Oil
Influences of Viscosity Modifiers on Fuel Economy
Summary

3. Fuel Economy Regulations
USA
CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) (mpg)
Model Year
2008
2009
2010
2011
Passenger Car
27.5
Light Truck
22.7
23.4
23.7
24.0
Europe
Agreement between EU and ACEA
25% reduction in CO2 emission (Year 1995 vs. 2008)
Proposed target by EU Comission
35% reduction in CO2 emission (Year 1995 vs. 2012)

4. Fuel Economy Regulations (continued)
Japan
Fuel economy target by Energy Conservation Law (1998) [10.15 mode]
Draft fuel economy target by Energy Conservation Law (2007) [JC08 mode]
Fuel economy target for heavy duty trucks (2006)
12.2% improvement in average fuel economy (Year 2002 vs. 2015)
Type of Vehicle
1995 actual FE
2010 target FE
Improvement
Passenger Cars
12.3 Km/L
15.1 Km/L
22.8 %
Trucks with GVW < 2.5tons
14.4 Km/L
16.3 Km/L
13.2 %
Type of Vehicle
2004 actual FE
2015 target FE
Improvement
Passenger Cars
13.6 Km/L
16.8 Km/L
23.5 %
Light Buses
8.3 Km/L
8.9 Km/L
7.2 %
Light Trucks
13.5 Km/L
15.2 Km/L
12.6 %

5. CO2 Emissions by Sector in Japan (Fiscal 2004)
Total CO2 Emissions
1,279 million
tons

6. Leading Fuel Economy Vehicle Technologies
Engine Technologies
Improvement in thermal efficiency
Lean-burn
Direct injection
Variable mechanism
(variable cylinder, VVT, etc.)
Reduction of friction loss
Piston & ring friction reduction
Low friction engine oil
Variable auxiliary drive
Improved Aerodynamics
(reduced resistance to airflow)
Improved body configuration
Reduction of Vehicle Weight
Expanded use of lightweight materials
Improved body structure
Other
Electrical power steering
Idling prevention
Hybridization
Improved Drive System
Expansion of lockup area
Expanded number of transmission gears
CVT
Reduction of Roll Resistance
Low roll-resistance tires
Source: JAMA

7. Concept of Low Friction Engine Oil
Lower Friction
Reduce friction loss under boundary lubrication regime
Lower Viscosity
Reduce churning loss under hydrodynamic lubrication regime
Higher Viscosity Index
Reduce churning loss under low temperature condition
Reduce boundary friction under high temperature condition

8. Friction Reduction by FM
Concept of Low Friction Engine Oil
on the Streibeck Curve
Friction
Speed x Viscosity
Load
Boundary
Lubrication
EHL
Hydrodynamic
Friction Reduction
by Better Low
Temperature Fluidity
Friction Reduction by FM
by Lower Viscosity

9. Seq.VIB F/E improvement
Trend in Fuel Economy Requirement (ILSAC Specifications) SG 1 2 3 4 5
Seq.VI F/E improvement
, % (vs. 20W-30)
GF-1
GF-2
Seq.VIB F/E improvement
, % (vs. 5W-30)
GF-3
10W-30
5W-30
& 0W-30
5W-20
& 0W-20
1990
2005
2000
1995
GF-４
2010
GF-5
Source: K. Nakamura, Nissan Motors

10. Source: SAE Asia Market Survey
PCMO Viscosity Grade in Japan (2006)
Source: SAE Asia Market Survey

11. HTHS Viscosity vs. Fuel Economy
Source:SAE

12. Necessity of High VI Oil for Fuel Economy and Engine Protection
Viscosity Reduction of Current Oil (0W-10 ?)
Current Oil (0W-20)
HTHS Viscosity, mPa・s ●
Fuel Economy ●
2.6
High VI Oil ●
Engine Protection ●
↓Low
80℃
150℃
Temperature → High

13. Ultra Low Viscosity Engine Oil (Example: Draft ILSAC GF-5 0W-20)
3. Bench Test Requirements
3.a Catalyst Compatibility
P ≤ 0.07 mass%
3.b Wear
P ≥ 0.06 mass%
3.c Volatility
3.d High Temp. Deposit (TEOST MHT)
3.e High Temp. Deposit (TEOST 33C)
3.f Filterability
3.g Fresh Oil Foaming Characteristics
3.h Fresh Oil High Temp. Foaming
3.i Aged Oil Low Temp. Viscosity (ROBO)
3.j Shear Stability (Seq VIII)
3.k Homogeneity and Miscibility
3.l Engine Rusting (Ball Rust Test)
3.m Emulsion Retention
3.n Rust Protection Test
1. Fresh Oil Viscosity Requirements
1.a SAE J300
KV – 9.3
HTHS150 ≥ 2.6
CCS -35 ≤ 6200
MRV -40 ≤ 60000
1.b Gelation Index
2. Engine Test Requirements
2.a Wear and Oil Thickening (Seq IIIG)
2.b Wear, Sludge and Varnish (Seq VG)
2.c Valvetrain Wear (Seq IVA)
2.d Bearing Corrosion (Seq VIII)
2.e Fuel Efficiency (Seq VID)
Fresh Oil Fuel Economy
Aged Oil Fuel Economy
2.f Used Engine Oil Aeration Test

14. Influences of Engine Oil Composition on Performances
Component
Direct Effects
Indirect Effects
Base Oil
Kinamatic Viscosity
Low Temperature Viscosity
Volatility
Thermal Stability
Oxidation Stability
Fuel Economy
Foaming / Aeration
Detergent
Engine Cleanliness
High Temperature Deposit
Homogeneity and Miscibility
Emulsion Retention
Dispersant
Low Temperature Viscosity (Negative)
Oxidation Inhibitor
Wear Protection
Catalyst Compatibility (Negative)

15. Influences of Engine Oil Composition on Performances (continued)
Component
Direct Effects
Indirect Effects
Friction Modifier
Fuel Economy
High Temp. Deposit (Negative)
Viscosity Modifier
Viscosity Thickening
Viscosity Index
HTHS Viscosity
Low Temperature Viscosity
Shear Stability
Volatility
Dispersancy
Wear Protection
Corrosion Inhibitor
Rust Protection
Bearing Corrosion
Wax Modifier
Antifoam Agent
Foaming / Aeration

16. Formulation Example (GF-4 0W-20)
Items
Unit
Test Method
Result
Formulation
Yubase 4
DI Package
Viscoplex 6-850
mass%
85.93
10.72
3.35
Kinematic Viscosity
mm2/s
ASTM D 445
43.16
Kinematic Viscosity
9.178
Viscosity Index
ASTM D 2270
202
CCS Viscosity
mPa-s
ASTM D 5293
5,555
MRV TP-1 Viscosity
ASTM D 4684
18,600
Yield Stress Pa
< 35
Pour Point C
ASTM D 97
- 42
HTHS Viscosity
ASTM D 4683
2.65
HTHS Viscosity
5.49
Noack Volatility %
ASTM D 5800
14.08

17. Viscosity Modifiers for Ultra Low Viscosity Engine Oil
OCPs
Higher thickening efficiency  Lower base oil viscosity  Higher volatility
Limitation in Viscosity Index improvement
Poor low temperature performances
PAMAs
Lower thickening  Higher base oil viscosity  Lower volatility
Provides higher flexibility in base oil selection
Higher Viscosity Index  Better Fuel Economy
Excellent low temperature performance
Flexibility in molecular design
Dispersancy  Reduction of ashless dispersants  Better low temperature performance + cost effectiveness
Additional functions  Film thickness / Low friction

18. Summary
Requirement for vehicle fuel economy is becoming more and more stringent in next few years to reduce CO2 emission
Low friction engine oil is one of the countermeasures for improving fuel economy
Ultra low viscosity engine oils such as SAE 0W-20 have been used in Japan
PAMA provides various advantages and flexibilities for formulating ultra low viscosity engine oils, thus contributes fuel saving of automobile