1. Personality A person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

2. 4 Personality Theories Trait Psychoanalytic Humanistic Behaviorist

3. Trait Theory Main Ideas describes people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits) We have stable, long-lasting traits Same traits appear in many different situations The same traits can be used to describe all peoples personalities. Use Personality Inventories - tests

4. Trait Theory Critics of Trait Theory say that personality comes from the situation we are in!!

5. Trait Theory Introversion-Extroversion scale Hans Eyck (biological approach) Introverts tend to be more imaginative and look inward rather than to others for ideas and energy. Extroverts tend to be active, outgoing and gain energy from interaction with other people.

6. Trait Theory BIG FIVE personality traits: 1.Extraversion 2.Agreeableness 3.Conscientiousness 4.Openness to experience 5.Neuroticism- Emotional Stability NEO Five Factor Inventory Test (Neuroticism-Extroversion-Openness Inventory) Everyone’s personality is made up of these five basic factors.

7. FactorTrait CharacteristicsInverse Trait Characteristics I Extraversion Talkative, extroverted Aggressive, verbal Sociable, bold Assertive, social Unrestrained, confident Shy, quiet Introverted, silent Untalkative, bashful Reserved, withdrawn Timid, unaggressive II Agreeableness Sympathetic, kind Warm, understanding Soft-hearted, helpful Considerate, cooperative Trustful, affectionate Cold, unsympathetic Unkind, rude Harsh, inconsiderate Insensitive, insincere Hard, uncharitable III Conscientiousness Organized, neat Orderly, systematic Efficient, responsible Precise, through Practical, dependable Disorganized, disorderly Careless, unsystematic Inefficient, sloppy Haphazard, inconsistent Impractical, negligent IV Emotional Stability Relaxed Unexcitable, patient Undemanding, imperturbable Unselfconscious, uncritical Masculine, optimistic Moody, temperamental Jealous, touchy Envious, irritable Fretful, emotional Self-pitying, nervous V Openness to Experience Creative, intellectual Imaginative, philosophical Artistic, complex Inventive, intelligent Innovative, deep Uncreative, unimaginative Unintellectual, unintelligent Simple, unreflective Shallow, imperceptive Unsophisticated, uniquisitive.

8. Trait Theory I am interested in people. I feel others’ emotions. I have a soft heart. I make people feel at ease. I sympathize with others’ feelings. I take time out for others. I am not interested in other people’s problems. I am not really interested in others. I feel little concern for others. I insult people. ***Sample Agreeableness Questions

9. Trait Theory I am always prepared. I am exacting in my work. I follow a schedule. I get chores done right away. I like order. I pay attention to details. I leave my belongings around. I make a mess of things. I often forget to put things back in their proper place. I shirk my duties. **Sample Conscientiousness Questions.

10. Trait Theory I am the life of the party. I don't mind being the center of attention. I feel comfortable around people. I start conversations. I talk to a lot of different people at parties. I am quiet around strangers. I don't like to draw attention to myself. I don't talk a lot. I have little to say. **Sample Extroversion Questions

11. Trait Theory I am relaxed most of the time. I seldom feel blue. I rarely feel nervous I am easily disturbed. I change my mood a lot. I get irritated easily. I get stressed out easily. I get upset easily. I have frequent mood swings. I often feel blue. I worry about things. **Sample Emotional Stability Questions

12. Trait Theory I am full of ideas. I am quick to understand things. I have a rich vocabulary. I have a vivid imagination. I have excellent ideas. I spend time reflecting on things. I use difficult words. I am not interested in abstract ideas. I do not have a good imagination. I have difficulty understanding abstract ideas. **Sample Openness Questions

14. Trait Theory Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

15. Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Fathered by Sigmund Freud. We have inner struggles!! Biological Drives vs. Social Norms Sigmund Freud What’s on our minds!!!

16. Our Personality Conscious- things we are aware of at any given time. Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our feelings, desires and fears.

18. Freud’s Concept of Personality (Psyche) Id Ego Superego

19. Id Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it). Instinctual energy & biological urges. Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. Works on the Pleasure Principle – Avoid pain and receive instant gratification.

20. Ego Develops after the Id Works on the Reality Principle – Gratification must be delayed at times. Manages conflict between Id & constraints of the real world. Found in the Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious If you want to be with someone. Your id says just take them, but your ego does not want to end up in jail. So you ask her out and buy her things!!

21. Superego Develops last at about the age of 5 It is our conscience (what we think the difference is between right and wrong) Moral component-from parents & society The Ego often mediates between the superego and id. Found in Conscious, Preconscious, and Unconscious

23. Defense Mechanisms The ego has a pretty important job…and that is to protect you from threatening thoughts in your unconscious. One way it protects us is through defense mechanisms. You are usually unaware that they are even occurring.

24. Scenario Quarterback of the high school football team, Brandon, is dating Jasmine. Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president of the chess club. Drew Brandon Jasmine

25. Repression Pushing unpleasant thoughts, memories, and feelings into our unconscious. When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who?, I have not thought about her for awhile.” Why don’t we remember our Oedipus and Electra complexes?

26. Denial Not accepting the ego- threatening truth. Refusing to acknowledge something that is obvious to others. Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine. He may hang out by her locker and plan dates with her.

27. Stacy is in Denial!

28. Displacement Transferring one’s feelings toward another person or object. Often displaced on less threatening things. Brandon may take his anger out on another kid by bullying.

29. Projection Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself. Brandon insists that Jasmine still cares for him. Attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to someone else.

30. Reaction Formation Behaving in a way that is opposite to behavior, feelings, or thoughts that are considered unacceptable. Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels. Cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development. Brandon claims he hates Jasmine. “Haters”

31. Regression Returning to an earlier, more immature state of psychological development. A more comforting form of behavior. Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal.

32. Rationalization Using incorrect but self-serving explanations to justify unacceptable behavior, thoughts, or feelings. Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome. Brandon thinks he will find a better girlfriend. “Jasmine was not all that anyway!” I really didn’t want to go to ….. anyway, it was too ……

33. Intellectualization Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic. Brandon starts doing a research paper on failed teenage romances.

34. Sublimation Channeling unacceptable thoughts and feelings into socially acceptable behavior. physical activity Sometimes a healthy defense mechanism. Brandon starts to learn how to play the guitar and write songs (or maybe starts to body build).

35. Psychoanalysis Today Couch sitting The idea is to delve into your unconscious.

36. Getting into the Unconscious Hypnosis Dream Interpretation Free Association - having the patient randomly talk to themselves…and then interpreting the conversation. Projective Tests - tests that delve into the unconscious. – Examples are TAT and Inkblot Tests.

37. TAT Test Thematic Apperception Test Giving the subject a picture that is ambiguous (can have several meanings) and ask them what is occurring. Their answers reveal the manifest content. They can then discover the latent Content. Get out a sheet of paper.

41. Rorschach Inkblot Test The most widely used projective test A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots.

43. Humanistic Theory of Personality Do not believe in Determinism (your actions are dictated by your past). They believe that humans have free will (our ability to choose your own destiny). We are innately good and as long as our self-esteem and self- concept are positive we will be happy.