1. EOC Review: Biochemistry, Enzymes, Cell, and Cell Transport Christopherson

2. Monomer Single molecule One subunit Example: Single bead for a necklace

3. Polymer Many molecules More than one subunit Example: Beads making up a necklace

4. Four Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

5. Monomer of a Carbohydrate Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide

6. Polymer of a Carbohydrate Complex sugar

7. Type of Carb: Monosaccharide Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar Example: Glucose or Fructose

8. Indicator: Benedict’s Solution

9. Positive Test: Turns Green to Red

10. Type of Carb: Polysaccharide Explanation: Many Sugars

11. Example of a Polysaccharides Cellulose: Provides structure for plants

12. Example of a Polysaccharide Starch: Stored Energy in plants

13. Examples of a Polysaccharide Chitin: Structure and support for insects and mushrooms

14. Indicator: Iodine

15. Positive Test: Turns Black

16. Example of a Polysaccharide Glycogen: Stored energy in animals

17. Carbohydrate Functions #1 Short term energy source Burn quickly Glucose

18. Carbohydrate Function #2 Stored Energy Organisms store what they don’t use Glycogen and Starch

19. Carbohydrate Function #3 Provide structure for plants, fungus, and insects

20. Four Macromolecules: Lipids

21. Lipids Also known as: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

22. Indicator: Brown Paper Bag or Towel

23. Positive Test: Grease Spot

24. Lipids Function #1 Long term energy storage

25. Lipids Function #2 Provide Insulation

26. Lipids Function #3 Regulate water movement in and out of the cell

27. Four Macromolecules: Proteins

28. Protein Monomers and Polymers

29. Indicator: Biuret’s

30. Positive Test: Turns Purple

31. Proteins Function #1 Make up the structure and function of muscles

32. Proteins Function #3 Blood has hemoglobin (protein) which helps transport oxygen

33. Proteins Function #4 Insulin (protein) helps glucose move from our bloodstream to our cells

34. Protein Function - #5 Enzymes (Protein) fuel every chemical reaction in organisms. Helps form bonds and break things down

35. Four Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

36. Nucleic Acids Elements present: Only one with P Monomer: Nucleotide

37. Nucleic Acid Function #1 Responsible for an organisms genetic make-up (DNA)

38. Nucleic Acid Function #2 Usable form of energy (ATP)

39. Nucleic Acid – Function #3 Makes Proteins: RNA

40. Chemical Reaction Occurs when bonds are broken or formed to create a new substance Reactants Products

41. Characteristics of Enzymes #1 Enzymes are biological catalysts; speed up the rate of reaction

42. Example of Enzymes as Catalysts

43. Characteristics of Enzymes #2 Enzymes are site specific One enzyme = One job

44. How Enzymes Work

45. Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1.Temperature* High Temperatures can denature enzymes Denature means lose shape (active site).

47. Environmental Effects on Enzymes 1.pH Dramatic changes in the pH of a solution can denature an enzyme Decreasing enzyme activity

48. Eukaryotic Cell Definition Complex cells that have “membrane- bound” organelles. “Membrane-bound” means that they have an outer layer.

49. Two main types of Eukaryotic Cells 1. Animal Cell 2. Plant Cell

50. Nucleus Location: Large circle typically in the middle of the cell Function: Control center of the cell; location of DNA

51. Ribosomes Location: Small dots all over the cell Function: Location of protein synthesis; where proteins are made

52. Mitochondria Function: Breaks down sugar into ATP (usable form of energy); Powerhouse of the cell Location: Throughout the cell

53. Chloroplast Location: Green “beans” throughout a plant cell Function: Location of photosynthesis; process by which plants make food

54. Vacuole Location: Throughout an animal cell; makes up the majority of a plant cell Function: Stores water, food, waste, etc.

55. Location: Outer layer of the cell Function: Control what comes in and out of the cell; gatekeeper Cell/Plasma Membrane

57. Homeostasis The ability of an organism to adjust its internal environment to keep it stable.

58. Cell Wall Location: Layer outside of the cell membrane in some organisms Function: Provide structure and support

59. Plants Cell Wall

60. Bacteria Cell Wall

61. Fungus

62. Phytoplankton Cell Wall

63. Prokaryotic Cell Definition Simple cells that lack “membrane- bound” organelles. “Membrane- bound” means that they have an outer layer.

64. Examples of Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria

65. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

66. Cell Specialization Nerve Cell: Conducts messages throughout organisms

69. Cell Specialization Muscle Cell: Stretches and contracts like a rubber band; allows muscles to work

70. Cell Specialization Blood Cell: Shaped like flat discs; Allows for more surface area for oxygen attachment

71. Cell Specialization Sperm Cell: Possesses a tail; allows for movement to the egg

72. Cellular Transport Christopherson

73. Where are WE? Organism Tissue Cell Transport is fueled by the need of the cell to maintain homeostasis

74. Diffusion Movement of particles from an high concentration to a low concentration; reach homeostasis HighLow

75. What is concentration? The amount of a substance High concentration means there is a lot present

76. Substances that can diffuse across the cell membrane

77. Osmosis Movement of WATER from a high to a low concentration

78. Hint: a. Water will ALWAYS move to the higher concentration of dissolved substances.

79. Hint: b. Solute SUCKS solvent (water)!!!! Solute Water

80. Isotonic Solution Cell remains same size Water moves in and out at same rate (time) The concentration of dissolved substances is equal in and out of cell.

81. Hypotonic Solution Cell swells Water moves in The higher concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.

82. Hypertonic Solution Cell shrinks Water moves out The higher concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.

83. Two types of transport in cells Passive Transport : Movement of particles from a high to a low concentration

84. Two types of transport in cells Active Transport : Movement of particles from a low to a high concentration; ATP is needed ATP LOWHIGH