2. Warm-Up Sept. 4, 2006 On the basis of his experiment, Francesco Redi concluded that a)flies are produced by spontaneous generation. b)maggots are produced by spontaneous generation c)maggots come from eggs laid by flies d)flies need air to reproduce.

3. Review basic chemistry □Mixture vs pure substance □Atomic structure □Elements/isotopes □Chemical bonding to form compounds □Ionic □Covalent □Metallic □Balancing equations □Writing formulas

5. BIOMOLECULES TEST Thursday (A) and Friday (B) Lab notebooks due by test day No passes written after this week Use proper format to begin Winogradsky column lab report

7. Inorganic Compounds □Fewer than two atoms of carbon □Most abundant on earth is water □Polarity gives water unique properties □Hydrogen bonds are weak and temporary □Water to water = cohesion □Provides surface tension □Water to other = adhesion □Solvent in aqueous solutions

8. Organic Compounds □Life on earth is carbon-based □Four bonding sites allows versatility (rings, chains, branching chains) □Individual monomers can join together (dehydration synthesis) to form polymers □Polymers can be degraded to release energy by the addition of water (hydrolysis)

9. Important Biomolecules

10. UsesElementsMonomer Carbo- hydrates Energy; structure CHOMono- saccharide Lipids Energy cell membranes CHOFatty acid plus glycerol Proteins Energy Structure metabolism CHONAmino acids Nucleic Acids Genetic code; protein regulation CHONPSnucleotide

11. Carbohydrates ISOMERS

13. LIPIDS □Made of the same elements as carbohydrates, but … □not 1:2:1 ration and □insoluble in water □Do not form polymers! □Major function: □Energy storage □Insulation □Cell membranes

14. LIPIDS: phospholipids □Important component of cell membranes

15. LIPIDS: glycerides □Differ with respect to ‘saturated’ or ‘unsaturated’ fatty acid chains □Animal fat – saturated, solid at room temp, long chains □Plant oils – unsaturated, liquid at room temp, short chains □Make up 90% of fats in food

16. LIPIDS: glycerides

17. LIPIDS: Steroids □Contain a central core of 4 rings □3 main forms of steroids □Cholesterol □Estrogen □testosterone

18. Nucleotides □Building block of nucleic acids and ATP

19. AMP  ADP  ATP  Phosphorylation  Addition of phosphate groups to nucleotide  Energy currency of cells = adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

20. Nucleic Acids □Long chains of nucleotides □sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base □DNA – stores genetic information □RNA – carries out instructions from DNA

21. DNA structure We love DNA Made of nucleotides. Sugar, phosphate and a base Bonded down one side. Adenine and thymine Make a lovely pair. Cytosine without guanine Would seem very bare.

22. T - A C - G

23. Chromosomes are made of DNA

24. DNA replication

26. Transcription: From gene to mRNA mRNA attaches to ribosome Translation: tRNA brings in amino acids

28. PROTEINS □Composed of chains of amino acids □20 amino acids exist □Amino acids contain □Central Carbon □Amine group □Carboxyl group □R group

29. Levels of protein structure □Primary = sequence of amino acids (beads on a string) □Secondary = forms pleated sheet, helix, or coil (slinky) □Tertiary = entire length of aa’s folded into a shape (twisted slinky) □Quaternary = several aa sequences linked together (two twisted slinky’s stacked) 1º1º 2º2º 3°3° 4°4°

30. Shape is critical to protein function Types of proteins □Enzymes □Hormones □Structural proteins □Receptor proteins

31. Enzymes lower energy of activation

32. Enzymes: Precision Catalysts

33. Inhibition of an Enzyme Inhibitor Allosteric Inhibition Competitive Inhibition