1. The Vikings

3. Toward the end of the 8th century CE, Viking seafarers from what we now call Norway (A), Denmark (B), and Sweden (C) embarked on a series of daring voyages for trade, colonization, and sometimes even plunder. Over the next 250 years, they planted settlements in Europe — from the British Isles (D) and France (E) to Italy (F) and Russia (G). Vikings from Norway, in particular, became the first Europeans, ever, to establish a passage across the Atlantic to North America. They did it in stages, setting up bases, as they went, in the Shetland Islands (H), Faroe Islands (I), Iceland (J), Greenland (K), and — for just a few years — in the place they called Vinland (L).

4. In the year 793, the pagans [Viking] from the North came with a force of ships to Britain like stinging hornets and spread out on all sides like terrible wolves, robbed, tore and slaughtered, not only beasts of burden, sheep, oxen, but even monks and nuns. And they came to the Church of Lindisfarne and laid everything to waste. They plundered, they trampled upon holy places with filthy feet, they dug up the altars and seized all the treasures of the holy Church. They killed some of the monks, and took others away with them in chains; they drove many out, naked and loaded with insults, and some they drowned in the sea. Symeon of Durham, twelfth century AD

5. The lady of the house spread an embroidered cloth of white linen on the table and placed loaves of white wheaten bread on it. Then, she set out many dishes of fine ham and roasted fowls as well as silver jugs containing wine. They ate, drank and talked until the day was done. Egil’s Saga This Viking carving comes from a cart found onboard the longship Oseberg. It displays the detail and intricacies of Viking wood carving. (Photo Credit: Werner Forman/CORBIS )Viking carving

6. In this temple, richly decorated with gold, the people worship the statues of three gods… Thor has a throne in the middle. Woden and Frey have places on either side. Priests offer sacrifices to the gods for the people… It is also custom to have, every nine years, a general feast of all the provinces of Sweden. On this occasion, this is the sacrifice: they offer nine heads from every living thing that is male… they hand the bodies in the sacred grove next to the temple… Even dogs and horses hang there with men. Adam of Bremen, c 1075

7. This thin, disk- shaped pendant is known as a bracteate. Common in early Scandanavian civilizations, bracteates were produced by pressing thin sheets of gold over carvings. (Photo Credit: Werner Forman/CORBIS )

8. A nation dwelling far from our country, barbarous, unwatched, unchallenged, has suddenly, in the twinkling of an eye, like a wave of the sea, poured over our frontiers and like a wild boar has gobbled up our people as if they were grass or straw or a crop. Babies were torn away from breast and milk and life itself, their mothers were slaughtered, and animals, oxen, horses and fowl. There lay an ox and a man by its side; a child and a horse found a common grave; women and fowl stained each other with blood. Everywhere dead bodies. Photius, ninth century bishop of Constantinople

9. Routes taken by the Vikings See also: Wikispace: Trade routesWikispace: Trade routes

10. A royal ceremonial Viking longship, the well-preserved Oseberg was built some time during or before the 9th century. It is kept on display in Oslo, Norway. (Photo Credit: Christophe Boisvieux/Corbis )

11. [The Vikings] were a strange mixture, both savage and yet civilised. Very skilful as soldiers, sailors and farmers, they were also very vain. They bathed frequently, changed their clothes often, combed out their long golden hair and delighted in wearing silks, soft furs, fine linen and jewellery of silver and gold. Yet in battle they were wild to the point of madness, burning and killing for pleasure even defenceless women and children. In particular, they delighted in robbing and destroying churches and monasteries. John Bareham, Changing World History, 1976

12. They have no villages, estates or fields. Their only occupation is trading in sable and squirrel and other kinds of skins, which they sell to those who will buy from them. They take coins as payment and fasten them into their belts. They are clean in their clothing, and the men adorn themselves with gold arm-rings… They have many towns. They are generous with their possessions, treat guests honourably and act handsomely towards strangers who take refuge with them, and all those who accept their hospitality. Ibn Rustah, early tenth century AD

13. Warrior gangs that attached themselves to courts as bodyguards and shock troops berserker The depth of water the longships needed to float draught Inlet of the sea fjord A long poem that tells of a hero and his adventures saga The hall of the warriors in heaven Valhalla Warrior goddesses Valkyrie

14. the life force, lightning, strength, thunder & thunder storms Thor fertility, prophecy, sex, sexuality (feminine), war, wealth & weather Freya god of death, knowledge, poetry, rune magic, travel, war, warriors, & wisdom Odin

15. Important Asar gods Odin (also called Woden) – chief of gods, god of battle who ruled Asgard, home of the gods. He is shown as a mysterious one-eyed god Tyr – god of war Balder – Odin’s son, god of youth, beauty and goodness Loki – a troublemaker (Balder and Loki were not friends) Important Vanir gods Mimir – wisest of the Asar, sent as a hostage to the Vanir but was killed Niord – ruler of wind and god of seafaring Frey – son of Niord, god of fertility who gave good crops and ensured the survival of the race Freyja – the daughter who was always attended by cats

16. Tyr’s day Named after Tyr, god of war Tuesday Woden’s Day Named after Woden (Odin), chief of gods Wednesday Thor’s day Named after Thor, god of thunder Thursday Frey’s day Named after Frey, god of fertility Friday

17. The Vikings made sacrifices to the gods, especially during the three main festivals: Vertarblot Mid-October, when sacrifices were made to ensure a good Winter Jolablot or Midsvetrarblot Mid-January when sacrifices were made to ensure good crops Sacrifices were always made to Frey Sigrblot In April when sacrifices were made for victories at war At these festivals people ate horsemeat and drank bowls of wine. Sometimes animals given to the gods were not killed, but were dedicated to the god and the owner could still use the animal.

18. Constantinople (Istanbul), Russia, Greenland, Baltic area Traded in silk, spices, slaves, amber, weapons, glass Founded trading cities in Scandinavia, Ireland and England (York) Trade was peaceful Trade France, England and elsewhere Landed, raided, destroyed and looted along the coastlines Raids Established settlements in Iceland and Greenland Discovered North America (Vinland) Established some peaceful settlements or colonies in England, France and Finland. Colonisation