1. Arthropods, Echinoderms

2. Phylum Arthropoda Characteristics –Largest group of animals –Have jointed appendages which include legs, antennae, claws and pincers –Have bilateral symmetry, segmented bodies, exoskeletons, a body cavity, a digestive system with two openings and a nervous system –Most have separate sexes and reproduce sexually

3. Arthropods Body Segments –Bodies of these animals are divided into segments similar to segmented worms –Some have many segments, others have segments that are fused together to form body regions Exoskeleton –A hard outer covering that supports and protects the internal body and provides places for muscle to attach. –Doesn’t grow as the animals does, it is shed and replaced during a process called molting

4. Insects Have three body regions Head –Has a pair of antennae, eyes and a mouth Thorax –Three pairs of legs and one or two pairs of wings if present are attached here Abdomen –Where reproductive structures are found

5. Insects Have an open circulatory system that carries digestive food to cells and removes wastes Insect blood doesn’t carry O 2 instead air enters and exits through openings called spiracles found on the abdomen and thorax Are the only invertebrate animals that can fly

6. Metamorphosis A series of changes that an insect goes through Two types –Complete Includes stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult Ex. Butterflies, bees, flies –Incomplete Includes stages of egg, nymph, adult The nymph form molts several times before becoming an adult Ex. Grasshoppers, crickets

7. Insects & Food Feed on a number of things have different mouth parts to obtain food Grasshoppers and ants have large mandibles for chewing Butterflies and honey bees have siphons for lapping up nectar Aphids and mosquitoes have mouth parts that are adapted for piercing into plants or other organisms

8. Insects success Insects are extremely successful based these reasons –Tough flexible, waterproof exoskeleton –Ability to fly –Rapid reproduction cycles –Small sizes Insects have other adaptations that allow them to be successful

9. What is the difference between a moth (1 st picture) and a butterfly (2 nd ) ? Moth antennae end in clubs, they’re bodies are often furrier and when at rest, their wings are flat (butterflies rest with the wings pointing up ORDER LEPIDOPTERA

10. Arachnids Have two body regions –Cephalothorax and an abdomen Four pairs of legs and no antennae Many are adapted to kill prey with poison glands, stingers, or fangs Some are parasites

11. Arachnids Scorpions –Have sharp, poison filled stinger at the end of abdomen. –Have a well-developed appendages which they can grab their prey. Spiders –Can’t chew their food, release enzymes into prey to digest it—then suck the predigest liquid into its mouth. –Have book lungs where O 2 and CO 2 are exchanged.

14. Brown recluse bites cause necrosis (death of tissue).

15. Arachnids Mites & Ticks –Most are parasites –Ticks have specialized mouthparts to remove blood from the host. –Ticks often carry disease such as Lyme disease.

16. Centipedes & Millipedes Have long bodies and many segments, exoskeleton, jointed legs, antennae and simple eyes. Found in damp environments Reproduce sexually Make nests for eggs and stay with them until they hatch. Centipedes are predators Millipedes feed on decaying plant matter.

20. Crustaceans Have one or two pair of antennae and mandibles, which are used for crushing food. Most live in water, but some live in moist environments on land—such as pill bug. Have five pair of legs, first pair of legs are claws for catching and holding food.

21. Crustaceans Swimmerets are appendages on the abdomen which help in movement and are used in reproduction; also force water over the gills used in O 2 and CO 2 exchange If a crustacean loses an appendage it can regenerate it Include crabs, crawfish, shrimp, lobster, and sowbugs (rolypolys)

23. Value of Arthropods A source of food Agriculture would be impossible without bees and other insects to pollinate crops Useful chemicals are obtain from some arthropods Important part of ecological community

24. Controlling Insects Not all arthropods are of value some are pests that carry disease or can damage crops

25. Controlling Insects Common ways to control insects –Insecticides, but these also kill non-harmful insects –Biological controls Types of bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be used to control insects Natural predators being released to kill the harmful insect Some how interfere with reproduction of the particular insect

26. Origin of Arthropods Some fossils are more than 500 million years old Scientist hypothesized that arthropods probably evolved from an ancestor of segmented worms because they have body segments The hard exoskeleton and walking legs allowed arthropods to be among the first animals to live successfully on land

27. Phylum Enchinodermata Characteristics –Have an endoskeleton covered by a thin, bumpy or spiny epidermis –Radial symmetrical—allowing them to sense food, predators and other things in the environment from all directions –Have mouth, stomach, intestines –Feed on a variety of plants and animals –Have no head or brain, but have a nerve ring that surrounds the mouth –Also have cells that respond to light and touch

28. Water-Vascular System A characteristic unique to echinoderms Allows them to move, exchange CO2 and O2, capture food, and release wastes It is a network of water-filled canals with thousands of tube feet connected to it. Tube feet—hollow, thin walled tubes that ends in a suction cup. –As pressure in the tube feet changes the animal is able to move along by pushing out and pulling in its tube feet

29. Types of Echinoderms Sea Stars –Echinoderms with at least 5 arms arranged around a central point –Uses tube feet to open shells of prey, once open pushes its stomach into shell and uses an enzyme to digest it –Reproduce sexually –Can repair themselves by regeneration

30. Types of Echinoderms Brittle Stars –Have fragile, slender, branched arms that break off easily –This adaptation allows them to survive –They can regenerate broken off body parts –Use flexible arms for movement and tube feet to get food into their mouths

31. Types of Echinoderms Sea Urchins & Sand Dollars –Disk or globe-shaped animals covered in spines –Spines help in movement and in burrowing –Also can protect them from predators –Sea Urchins have five tooth like structures around their mouth

32. Types of Echinoderms Sea Cucumber –Soft bodied echinoderms –Have a leathery covering –Have tentacles around their mouth and rows of tube feet on their upper and lower surfaces –When threatened, they may expel their internal organs which will then be regenerated in a few weeks

33. Value of Echinoderms Feed on dead organisms in the marine environment Help recycle material Used for food Possible sources of medicine Sea stars can help control the population of other organisms

34. Origin of Echinoderms Date back more than 400 million years ago Earliest echinoderms had bilateral symmetry as adults Scientists hypothesize that echinoderms more closely resemble animals with backbones than any other group of invertebrates –Have similar embryos that develop similar to vertebrates –Complex body systems