1. Hybridization of Orbitals Sections 9.1 and 9.5
March 14, 2007

2. Tetrahedral Experimentally we know the bond angles (109.5º).
But our current understanding of orbitals doesn’t allow us to achieve these bond angles.

3. sp3 Hybridization
Molecules that have tetrahedral geometry like CH4, NH3, H2O, SO42-, and ClO3- exhibit sp3 hybridization on the central atom.

4. Methane with Hybridized Orbitals
Overlap of the Hydrogen 1s orbitals with the hybridized sp3 orbitals from the central Carbon.

5. Trigonal Planar – sp2 Hybridization
Molecules with trigonal planar geometry like SO3, C2H4, SeS2, CO32-, exhibit sp2 hybridization on the central atom.

6. Hybridized and Unhybridized Orbital View

7. Rotate 90 degrees

8. Bonding and hybridized orbitals
Hybridized orbitals make sigma bonds
Unhybridized orbitals make pi bonds

9. Linear geometry - sp Hybridization
Molecules that have a linear geometry like CO2, N2O, BeH2, HCN, C2H2 all exhibit sp hybrization on the central atom.

10. CO2 Structure

11. sp Hybridization

12. Pi bonds and Sigma Bonds
CO2 exhibits sp hybridization on the C and sp2 hybridization on the Oxygens.

13. N2 Hybridization
Diatomic Nitrogen has a Lewis structure showing a triple bond.

14. Hybridized Orbitals When Exceeding the Octet Rule

15. PCl5 dsp3 Hybridized Trigonal bipyramid geometry
SeF4, PCl5, BrF3, XeCl2

16. Octahedral Geometry
d2sp3 hybridization
XeF4, BrCl5, SeI6

17. Delocalization of Electrons (9.5)
In molecules that show resonance structures, we have a delocalization of electrons.
The available unhybridized p orbitals all overlap and stabilize the structure through the π interactions.
NO3-