1. 1 Naples Tiger Sharks Official’s Clinic “EFSL COMPETITIVE SWIMMING” Neil Higgins – Southern Division / NPS Head Official 31 August 2011

2. 2 Bottomline - why do we have rules? To provide fair and equitable conditions of competition against a known standard

3. 3 Generalities Well run meets and good results are directly related to good officiatingWell run meets and good results are directly related to good officiating Dress accordingly - blue shorts & white collar shirtDress accordingly - blue shorts & white collar shirt Remember that swimmers have worked hard to achieve their success and deserve fair and equitable competitionRemember that swimmers have worked hard to achieve their success and deserve fair and equitable competition Rules have to be applied intelligently at all times, using common sense and good judgementRules have to be applied intelligently at all times, using common sense and good judgement Fairness to all competitors giving the ‘Benefit of the Doubt’, in every instance, to the swimmerFairness to all competitors giving the ‘Benefit of the Doubt’, in every instance, to the swimmer We are not here to disqualify, but to ensure fair, consistent and equitable decisionsWe are not here to disqualify, but to ensure fair, consistent and equitable decisions FINA Swim Suit rule changeFINA Swim Suit rule change Do not be afraid to ask questions if you do not knowDo not be afraid to ask questions if you do not know

4. 4 Basic Concepts Part 1  Take officiating seriously  Work regularly at the job  Be professional  Know Disabilities

5. 5 Take officiating seriously and work hard at it Study the rule book Study the rule book Uniformly interpret and apply rules Uniformly interpret and apply rules Call violations as you see it Call violations as you see it Be fair and consistent Be fair and consistent Disregard team affiliation Disregard team affiliation Exercise good judgment Exercise good judgment Officials owe the swimmers correctness, fairness and courtesy!

6. 6 Work regularly at the job Attend training sessions (Annual Refresher) Attend training sessions (Annual Refresher) Officials need practice Officials need practice Working regularly builds confidence Working regularly builds confidence Keep up with rule changes and new interpretations Keep up with rule changes and new interpretations There is no substitute for experience There is no substitute for experience

7. 7 Be professional in your duties Fairness to all competitors shall dictate actions Fairness to all competitors shall dictate actions You will get wet….don’t be surprised! You will get wet….don’t be surprised! Make decisions quickly and decisively Make decisions quickly and decisively Avoid coaching swimmers Avoid coaching swimmers Refrain from cheering Refrain from cheering Admit mistakes if wrong Admit mistakes if wrong Do not smoke or eat on deck Do not smoke or eat on deck

8. 8 Disabilities Judge in accordance with rules - Art 105 Judge in accordance with rules - Art 105 Do not judge a part of the body that cannot be used Do not judge a part of the body that cannot be used Base your judgment on actual rules, not the swimmers technique Base your judgment on actual rules, not the swimmers technique

9. 9 STROKES Freestyle Backstroke Breaststroke Butterfly Individual Medley Medley Relay

10. 10 FREESTYLE Start - Forward Start Body Position - No restriction upon body position, except… if submerged at start, turns, head must break the water surface by the 15 meter mark Stroke - Any stroke style may be used Kick - Any kick style may be used Turn / Finish: Sculling back is permitted Any part of the body may touch the end of the racing course

11. 11 BACKSTROKE (1 of 2) Start Start in the water with back to the course Feet or toes may NOT be in or bent over the edge of the gutter Feet above water is authorized!! Hands placed on gutter or on the starting grips!! Body Position Must swim “on the back”, except for turns Head must break the water surface by the 15 meter mark at the start and after every turn Stroke - Any stroke style may be used Kick - Any kick style may be used

12. 12 BACKSTROKE (2 of 2) Turns: Upon completion of each length, some part of the swimmer must touch the wall GLIDING IS PROHIBITED !!!! * During the turn, the shoulders may be turned past the vertical toward the breast after which a continuous single arm pull or a continuous simultaneous double arm pull may be used to execute the turn…..GLIDING IS PROHIBITED !!!! The swimmer must have returned to a position on the back upon leaving the wall. Finish: Upon the finish of the race, the swimmer must touch the wall while on the back Swimmer may NOT be completely submerged!!

13. 13 Start – Forward start Body Position: Must swim “on the breast” Head must break the water surface before hands turn inward at widest part of second stroke Stroke: Arms shall move simultaneously and in same horizontal plane, not alternating The hands shall not be brought back beyond the hip line, except during the first stroke after the start and each turn The stroke cycle must be one arm stroke and one leg kick in that order After the start and after each turn, the swimmer may take one arm stroke completely back to the legs Head must break surface during each “stroke cycle” BREASTSTROKE (1 of 2)

14. 14 BREASTSTROKE (2 of 2) Kick: Feet turned out Scissors, flutter or downward butterfly kick NOT permitted with exception Turn: Touch both hands simultaneously at, above or below water surface Head may be submerged at turn or finish Turn any manner however, must be on breast off wall Submerged: 1st stroke below hipline - OK 2nd stroke - head breaks surface before hands inward On Start or at turns the first arm pull must be started prior to commencement of the dolphin kick A single dolphin kick followed by a Breaststroke kick is permitted while fully submerged Last stroke - elbows may go above water surface Finish: Touch wall with both hands simultaneously at, above or below the water surface Elbows may go above water surface

15. 15 BUTTERFLY (1 of 2) Start: Forward start On breast - Side-kicking allowed under water <15 m submerged before breaking the surface of the water Stroke: On breast One or more leg kicks, but only one arm pull under water which must bring swimmer to the surface Both arms forward over the surface and back simultaneously Arms may scrape the top of the water as they come forward (may hit waves and create splashes) The hands and wrists must be out of the water Turn: Touch w/both hands simultaneously at, above, or below water surface Turn in any manner Head must break the water surface by the 15 meter mark

16. 16 BUTTERFLY (2 of 2) Kick: Legs & feet simultaneously (vertically) - no scissors or breaststroke kick Finish: Touch wall with both hands simultaneously at, above, or below the water surface

17. 17 INDIVIDUAL MEDLEY Start: Forward start <15 m submerged for Butterfly, Back, & Free Stroke: Butterfly, Back, Breast, Free order Same rules apply to stroke being swum Freestyle cannot be fly, breast, or backstroke Turn: Wall must be touched in manner prescribed for finish by stroke being swum Backstroke must finish on back Finish: Touch wall any manner, any part of the body

18. 18 MEDLEY RELAY Back, Breast, Butterfly, Free order Must surface at 15 meter mark for strokes Same rules apply to stroke being swum Freestyle cannot be fly, breast, or backstroke No swimmer shall swim more than 1-leg in race Swimmer other than 1 st swimmer shall not start until teammate has concluded his leg (HO/Starter/TO Judge)

19. 19 Official’s DQ Codes 2010-2011 Butterfly 1A Alternating Kick 1B Kick breaststroke type 1C Scissors kick 1E Non-simultaneous arms 1F Arms underwater recovery 1G Did not bring arms forward “over” water 1J One hand touch 1K No touch 1L Non-simultaneous touch 1M Shoulders not at or past vertical towards breast off the wall 1N Head did not break the surface by 15 meters 1O More than one arm pull under water after start or turn Backstroke 2I No touch at turn 2J Non-continuous turning action 2K Not on back off wall 2L Shoulders past vertical toward breast 2N Head did not break the surface by 15 meters 2P Toes curled over gutter after the start Freestyle 4K No touch on turn 4N Head did not break the surface by 15 meters EFSL DQ Codes Breaststroke 3A Alternating Kick 3B Non-simultaneous kick 3C Downward butterfly kick 3D Scissors kick / Feet not turned out 3E Hands brought beyond the hipline 3F Non-simultaneous arms 3G Arms two strokes underwater at start or after turn 3H Arms not in same horizontal plane 3I Elbows recovered “over” water 3J One hand touch 3K No touch 3L Non-simultaneous touch 3M Shoulders not at or past vertical towards breast off the wall 3P Head under for 2 or more strokes 3Q Incomplete stroke cycle other than one pull followed by one kick Relay (BK / BRST / FLY / FR) 61 Stroke Infraction swimmer #1 62 Stroke Infraction swimmer #2 63 Stroke Infraction swimmer #3 64 Stroke Infraction swimmer #4 66 Early take-off swimmer #2 67 Early take-off swimmer #3 68 Early take-off swimmer #4 6P Changed order of swimmers 6Q Not enough swimmers IM 5P Strokes out of sequence – (Fly / Back / Breast / Free) 5Q Freestyle swum as backstroke, breaststroke or butterfly Miscellaneous 7N Swimmer made use of aids 7O False start 7P Declared false start 7Q Did not finish 7R Delay of meet 7S Entered water without permission 7T Interfered with another swimmer 7U Walking on or springing from bottom 7V Standing on bottom 7W Pulling on lane line 7X Finish in wrong lane 7Y Unsportsmanlike conduct 7Z No Show

20. 20 Basic Concepts Part 2  Mental Traps  Disqualifications  DQ Procedure  Starter Miscellaneous  False Starts  Referee  During the Meet  After the Meet

21. 21 Mental Traps Lead to poor or sloppy judgments! Twice theory: “I must see it twice.” - No! Twice theory: “I must see it twice.” - No! We do not disqualify 8&U..…WRONG! We do not disqualify 8&U..…WRONG! Do not infer or extrapolate Do not infer or extrapolate Ugly or unusual is NOT inevitably illegal Ugly or unusual is NOT inevitably illegal

22. 22 Timers Spectators NAPLES TIGER SHARKS SOUTHERN DIVISIONALS 18 JAN 2009 Marshalling Window - Airfield Starter HO

23. 23 Disqualification (1 of 2) Can be made only by the official in whose Jurisdiction the infraction has been made – See Pool Layout Slide Can be made only by the official in whose Jurisdiction the infraction has been made – See Pool Layout Slide Must be made on personal observation Must be made on personal observation Disregard the opinion of others and team affiliation Disregard the opinion of others and team affiliation Be sure violation occurred and be prepared to explain it! Be sure violation occurred and be prepared to explain it! Give the swimmer the benefit of any doubt! Give the swimmer the benefit of any doubt! Unsafe/unsportsmanlike conduct must be reported to the Referee (disciplinary action) Unsafe/unsportsmanlike conduct must be reported to the Referee (disciplinary action) Report swimming across lanes (swimmer must start and finish in the same lane) Report swimming across lanes (swimmer must start and finish in the same lane)

24. 24 Disqualification (2 of 2) Standing on the pool’s bottom, except freestyle (cannot step, walk or spring) Standing on the pool’s bottom, except freestyle (cannot step, walk or spring) A swimmer not entered in a race who enters the pool or course before all swimmers have completed the race shall be barred from the next individual event on that day (Referee’s discretion) A swimmer not entered in a race who enters the pool or course before all swimmers have completed the race shall be barred from the next individual event on that day (Referee’s discretion) Not permissible to wear or use any device or substance to help speed or buoyancy during race (e.g., excessive use of oil or grease) Not permissible to wear or use any device or substance to help speed or buoyancy during race (e.g., excessive use of oil or grease)

25. 25 Disqualification: Relays No swimmer shall swim more than one leg in any relayNo swimmer shall swim more than one leg in any relay Proper sequence of strokes - Medley relay order: Backstroke, Breaststroke, Butterfly, FreestyleProper sequence of strokes - Medley relay order: Backstroke, Breaststroke, Butterfly, Freestyle A swimmer other than the first swimmer shall not start until his teammate has concluded his leg (Dual jurisdiction)A swimmer other than the first swimmer shall not start until his teammate has concluded his leg (Dual jurisdiction) Any relay team member and his relay team shall be disqualified if a team member, designated to swim that leg, shall jump into or enter the pool before all swimmers of all teams have finished the raceAny relay team member and his relay team shall be disqualified if a team member, designated to swim that leg, shall jump into or enter the pool before all swimmers of all teams have finished the race

26. 26 Deliberate Delay or Misconduct Any swimmer may be disqualified from an event: Who delays the start by entering the waterWho delays the start by entering the water Willfully or deliberately disobeying a command to step on the blocks or to take a starting positionWillfully or deliberately disobeying a command to step on the blocks or to take a starting position For any other misconduct taking place at the startFor any other misconduct taking place at the start The Referee shall disqualify a swimmer who fails to appear at the starting platform ready to swim in time for the initial start of his|her heat.The Referee shall disqualify a swimmer who fails to appear at the starting platform ready to swim in time for the initial start of his|her heat. –Such disqualification shall not charged as a false start.

27. 27 DQ Procedure DQ Procedure Call the violation – raise the arm or the DQ is not valid!!! (apply simple test, doubt, mental traps, you can also change your mind) Call the violation – raise the arm or the DQ is not valid!!! (apply simple test, doubt, mental traps, you can also change your mind) Other S&T Official covers down on vacant position Other S&T Official covers down on vacant position Proceed behind timer (Mark card front in RED with /, DQ. Back: DQ Code, Explanation,Time & Initials) Proceed behind timer (Mark card front in RED with /, DQ. Back: DQ Code, Explanation,Time & Initials) Tell the swimmer (“Good job but you are DQ’ed in this race because..., Go and tell your coach”) Tell the swimmer (“Good job but you are DQ’ed in this race because..., Go and tell your coach”) Submit card (to Referee for review / initials) (Some pools use “runners” to submit cards) Submit card (to Referee for review / initials) (Some pools use “runners” to submit cards) Get back to your position immediately Get back to your position immediately

28. 28 Swimmer: Doug Vaughn ID #: SMIT123456 13 - 14 Boys 100m Breaststroke Event: 39 Heat: 5 Lane: 3 Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 DQ Procedure DQ 1:28.84 1:29.181:27.56

29. 29 DQ Procedure -Back of card- 3E - Hands below waistline Hipline NAH - HO TAM – S&T 1315

30. 30 Starter One of the most important roles on deck: Ensure all swimmers get a fair start! Preparation: Review and be familiar with rules and schedule of events.Review and be familiar with rules and schedule of events. Familiarize yourself with guidelines and rules for officiating swimmers with disabilities.Familiarize yourself with guidelines and rules for officiating swimmers with disabilities. Check & be familiar with equipment: whistle, pistol, electronic-starter, false start rope, etc. Electronic strobe signal visible to all manual timersCheck & be familiar with equipment: whistle, pistol, electronic-starter, false start rope, etc. Electronic strobe signal visible to all manual timers Find best position for you, and relay take-off judge (if being used)Find best position for you, and relay take-off judge (if being used) Warning Signals - With the exception of relays, in events 400 Meters or longerWarning Signals - With the exception of relays, in events 400 Meters or longer

31. 31 Procedures: Any swimmer starting before the starting signal is given shall be disqualified if the Referee independently observes and confirms Starter´s observation that a violation occurredAny swimmer starting before the starting signal is given shall be disqualified if the Referee independently observes and confirms Starter´s observation that a violation occurred Swimmers remaining on the starting blocks shall be relieved from their starting positions with the “Stand up” command and may step off the blocksSwimmers remaining on the starting blocks shall be relieved from their starting positions with the “Stand up” command and may step off the blocks The Starter shall restart the race upon signal given by the RefereeThe Starter shall restart the race upon signal given by the Referee Should a swimmer fall in and the stand-up command is given, the swimmer may be permitted to swim the event w/the understanding the DQ will be written upShould a swimmer fall in and the stand-up command is given, the swimmer may be permitted to swim the event w/the understanding the DQ will be written up If the starting signal has been given before the disqualification is declared, the race shall continue without recallIf the starting signal has been given before the disqualification is declared, the race shall continue without recall If the violation occurred, the swimmer or swimmers who have false started shall be disqualified upon completion of the raceIf the violation occurred, the swimmer or swimmers who have false started shall be disqualified upon completion of the race False Starts (1 of 3)

32. 32 Procedures: If the recall signal is activated inadvertently, no swimmer shall be charged with a false startIf the recall signal is activated inadvertently, no swimmer shall be charged with a false start A swimmer who would otherwise be charged with a false start may be relieved of the charge if the false start was caused by the swimmer´s reaction to the “stand up” command.A swimmer who would otherwise be charged with a false start may be relieved of the charge if the false start was caused by the swimmer´s reaction to the “stand up” command. Enforcement of the correct starting position is the responsibility of the StarterEnforcement of the correct starting position is the responsibility of the Starter Swimmers will be disqualified for “rocking or any slight movement” on the starting blocks after the command – “Take your Mark”Swimmers will be disqualified for “rocking or any slight movement” on the starting blocks after the command – “Take your Mark” Declared false start: - swimmers reporting to the Referee prior to the start of their race and declaring that their intent not to compete will be disqualifiedDeclared false start: - swimmers reporting to the Referee prior to the start of their race and declaring that their intent not to compete will be disqualified Both the Starter and Referree will confer that a violation has occured before disqualifying a swimmerBoth the Starter and Referree will confer that a violation has occured before disqualifying a swimmer Recall procedures must be made prior to the start of the swim meet!Recall procedures must be made prior to the start of the swim meet! Relay Exchange – both the Starter and Referre (or exchange officials) must watch carefully – See picRelay Exchange – both the Starter and Referre (or exchange officials) must watch carefully – See pic False Starts (2 of 3)

33. 33 False Starts (3 of 3) Head Official / Starter – DQ or No DQ? Are photos / videos permitted to identify possible violation? NO – Photo appears to be legal however, on deck decision by HO/ST will have the final ruling!! End state - both the Head Official & Starter will confer that a violation has occured!!

34. 34 Referee Before the meet - See the meet manager, the administrative referee, the statistician …Before the meet - See the meet manager, the administrative referee, the statistician … Controls pool, configuration, safety, security, equipment, etc…Controls pool, configuration, safety, security, equipment, etc… Brief the Coaches, Meet Director, Timers, Stroke and Turn Judges & Shadows and StarterBrief the Coaches, Meet Director, Timers, Stroke and Turn Judges & Shadows and Starter Start and STAY on SCHEDULE – families are traveling!! Referee Solve protests immediately (if possible) RUNS THE MEET! Know the rules - Use “Common Sense.”

35. 35 Procedures: Referee shall signal to the swimmers by a short series of whistlesReferee shall signal to the swimmers by a short series of whistles Followed by a long whistle indicating that they should take and maintain their positions on the starting platform, the deck, or in the waterFollowed by a long whistle indicating that they should take and maintain their positions on the starting platform, the deck, or in the water In backstroke and medley relay events:In backstroke and medley relay events: –at the Referee’s first long whistle, the swimmers shall immediately enter the water –Second long whistle shall return without undue delay to the starting position Referee shall signal with an outstretched arm to the Starter that the swimmers are under the Starter’s controlReferee shall signal with an outstretched arm to the Starter that the swimmers are under the Starter’s control On the Starter’s command “Take Your Mark”, the swimmers shall immediately assume their starting position, in the forward start, with at least one foot at the front of the starting platform or the deckOn the Starter’s command “Take Your Mark”, the swimmers shall immediately assume their starting position, in the forward start, with at least one foot at the front of the starting platform or the deck Meet Procedures (1 of 2)

36. 36 Meet Procedures (2 of 2) Procedures: Swimmers starting in the water must have at least Swimmers starting in the water must have at least one hand in contact with the wall or starting platform When all swimmers are stationary, the starter shall give the starting signal. When all swimmers are stationary, the starter shall give the starting signal. One start rule - Do not recall unless it is the Starter’s technical error or outside influence (e.g., air horn in the stands). One start rule - Do not recall unless it is the Starter’s technical error or outside influence (e.g., air horn in the stands). Decide on “over the top” starts or not Decide on “over the top” starts or not Dual jurisdiction - (Referee / Starter) Dual jurisdiction - (Referee / Starter) Watch and note false starts (Confer with Head Referee if noted…..Do not raise hand) Watch and note false starts (Confer with Head Referee if noted…..Do not raise hand)

37. 37 During the meet Attempt to always start ON TIME – teams are travelling! Always use the same procedure and sequence If ”over the top start”, at least three heats ready ahead before starting the meet Swimmers who have finished are to hold the lane dividers away from touch pad. They clear the pool on command by sides Use heat sheets with names Recommended notes on heat sheets..… Time (frequently) Rotation of Officials Changes (e.g., combined heats, etc.) Breaks / Lunch Empty lanes Keep an eye on your judges and swimmers

38. 38 After the meet….. Thank everyone AAR / De-brief (if necessary) If you have shadows, answer their question Sign log books Solve protests if not yet done See meet manager and statistician Sign the Official Swim-meet paper work

39. 39 S&T Official Wayahead Training annotated in Log Book 3 x shadows at EFSL Swim Meet – get log book signed Pass S&T, Starter & Head Official Exam on web-site (open book) Qualified Head Official grades and submits score to EFSL

40. 40 QUESTIONS ? - Video / Swimmer Demonstrations NEIL HIGGINS DSN 626-1769 347-332-9414