1. GEK2507 1 Compound & Prosper GEK2507 Frederick H. Willeboordse phyfhw@nus.edu.sg

2. GEK2507 2 Conservation Laws - Balance Sheet Lecture 2

3. GEK2507 3 Today’s Lecture Basic Excel Understand the elements of the Balance Sheet Use MS Excel to make a simple Balance Sheet

4. GEK2507 4 Excel Basics – references In the last lecture we had seen that one can use the address of a cell in a formula. In other words, Excel refers to the contents of a cell when doing its calculations. There are two types of references: absolute and relative.

5. GEK2507 5 Excel Basics – references Absolute references are indicated by the ‘$’ sign. Hmm, the result is the same? An absolute reference refers to the actual address on the spread sheet. I.e. $B$2 means: “Look at the contents of the cell with address B2: A relative reference indicates the direction and distance of the cell referred to. I.e. if we type a formula in B3 and refer to cell B2 what Excel actually understands is: “Look at the contents of the cell right above the current cell.

6. GEK2507 6 Excel Basics – references Why is this distinction important? It is important when copying and pasting. If you just have a number or a word, copying and pasting will do what one expects. Select the two cells and press CTL-c. Go to the destination and press CTL-v.

7. GEK2507 7 Excel Basics – references But what if you have a formula? Select the cell with the formula and press CTL-c. Go to the destination and press CTL-v. The number changed!!

8. GEK2507 8 Excel Basics – references Here we used a relative reference and consequently, after copying and pasting the formula changed automatically. Here we used an absolute reference and consequently, after copying and pasting the formula remained the same.

9. GEK2507 9 Excel Basics – references Absolute and relative references can be as with regards to columns, rows or both.

10. GEK2507 10 Excel Basics – references Absolute and relative references can be as with regards to columns, rows or both.

11. GEK2507 11 Excel Basics – fonts etc. There are many ways to improve the visual impact of the spreadsheet. Autoshapes Lines & Arrows Font Sizes Font Types Font Faces Set the background color of cells, add borders to cells. Add pictures Etc. etc.

12. GEK2507 12 Conservation Laws A conservation law expresses the observation that the total quantity of a certain measurable property remains constant (in an isolated system). The probably most famous conservation law in Physics is that of Energy. It states that the total inflow must be equal to the sum of the total outflow plus the internal change in Energy. This is remarkably similar to (individual) businesses if Energy is identified with Money.

13. GEK2507 13 Elements of a Balance Sheet A balance sheet, also called the statement of financial position, lists: Assets Liabilities Owners Equity as of a specific date. It gives an idea of what the company is worth. Let us now look at these terms in more detail. $ IN $ OUT ?

14. GEK2507 14 Assets Assets are all those things a company owns which are of value to the business. Assets can be tangible like e.g. a manufacturing plant, computers or cash in the bank. Tangible assets like cash or goods for sale that can easily (i.e. within an accounting year) be converted into cash are called current assets while other assets like properties and equipment are called fixed assets. Assets can also be intangible like e.g. copyrights. $ IN Elements of a Balance Sheet

15. GEK2507 15 Liabilities Liabilities are all those things for which the company eventually needs to pay. There are two types of liabilities: Current Liabilities need to be paid within one accounting year. Examples are: Outstanding rent, goods bought on credit. Long Term Liabilities are those liabilities which will not be paid during the current accounting year. Examples are: Long term debts, bank loans. $ OUT Elements of a Balance Sheet

16. GEK2507 16 Owner’s Equity Owner’s Equity is by definition the difference between the Assets of a company and its Liabilities. Owner’s Equity is the sum of two parts: Contributed Capital is the money that the owners invested in the company. Retained Earnings are those earnings which were not distributed to the owners. These can accumulate to a large sum over the years. ? Elements of a Balance Sheet

17. GEK2507 17 Let me stress: A Balance Sheet must balance the assets, liabilities and owner’s equity. Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity Most commonly, the assets are on top and the liabilities and owner’s equity on the bottom. Let’s now have a look at a balance sheet. $ IN$ OUT Elements of a Balance Sheet

18. GEK2507 18 Elements of a Balance Sheet

19. GEK2507 19 Let’s first clean this up a bit … and then look at it in more detail … Beam Me Up Scottie! Cheer Up! Is that what you call simple???? As often, the scientific method can come in handy here. To paraphrase: Organize and Conquer! Or: Look at things bit by bit, present them clearly and understand… (Still feel like drowning? I should have chosen a different background!) Elements of a Balance Sheet

20. GEK2507 20 Use the Center and Merge Button Change the Font Make the totals bold Underline before the subtotals Make the main items italic Elements of a Balance Sheet

21. GEK2507 21 Note how the top and bottom parts balance Presentation indeed makes a big difference. In a sense ‘design’ is an important ingredient of financial modeling. After all, what is the use of great information if no-one understands it? Now, let us look at the items in the balance sheet one by one. Some Notes

22. GEK2507 22 Assets – Current Assets Cash and Cash Equivalents Cash is all the cash the company has, be it in bank accounts or in the cash box. Cash Equivalents are short term investments that can be converted to cash with no or very little delay. Examples of Cash Equivalents are: Money Market Investments, Government Bonds. Accounts Receivable Most businesses do not immediately receive payment for (some or all) of the goods or services they sell. Assuming that payment will indeed be made in the near future, a receivable account is an asset. $ IN Elements of a Balance Sheet

23. GEK2507 23 Assets:Total Current Assets In this case, of course, its just the sum of ‘Cash and Equivalents’ and ‘Accounts Receivable’, but there could be many more ‘current’ items. Total current assets is an important item since it indicates how much money the company has to run its business. Elements of a Balance Sheet

24. GEK2507 24 Assets: Fixed Assets Plant and Equipment In order to run a business one usually will need to buy some equip- ment (even when one is in the service business) like e.g. machines and computers. The total cost price of the bought equipment is listed in this item (note, the fact that equipment becomes worth less is accounted for in the next item). Accumulated Depreciation Naturally, when one uses equipment it will get old and thus become worth less. It is therefore necessary to subtract a certain amount from the original equipment value every year. Since one would like to keep the original value listed above, one needs to ‘accumulate’ i.e. sum up all the previous year’s depreciations. Elements of a Balance Sheet

25. GEK2507 25 Assets: Net Fixed Assets In this case the net fixed assets are ‘Plant and Equipment’ minus ‘Accumulated Depreciation’, but there could be many more items. Note that having a lot of fixed assets does not necessarily mean that the company is ‘rich’. It is also important to realize that fixed assets do not provide cash for running the business (though they could be use as collateral for a loan). Elements of a Balance Sheet

26. GEK2507 26 Assets: Total Assets Total Assets = Current Assets + Net Fixed Assets Note: While total assets in a sense represent the current value of the business, they do not necessarily represent the resale value or the liquidation value of the business. The total assets are important for valuing the business when seen from the perspective of a continuation of the currently operating business. Elements of a Balance Sheet

27. GEK2507 27 Liabilities: Current Liabilities Accounts Payable Just as there are accounts receivable, there are also accounts payable. Businesses usually do not need to pay immediately upon delivery but have e.g. 30 or 60 days ‘credit-terms’. In other words, ‘accounts payable’ are unpaid bills due soon. Other Current Liabilities All the liabilities which are due within one accounting year and which are not separately listed (in this case only accounts payable) are lumped together here. Examples are: unpaid salaries, interest, short term loans. $ OUT Elements of a Balance Sheet

28. GEK2507 28 Liabilities: Total Current Liabilities The total current liabilities are an important indicator of how much money a company will need in the near future. If the total current liabilities are much bigger than the total current assets great caution is warranted. Elements of a Balance Sheet

29. GEK2507 29 Liabilities: Long Term Liabilities Long Term Debt While in daily life having debts (especially credit card debts!) is usually not a good thing, the proper use of long term loans is an essential part of many business activities. It is for example very rare that a company has enough cash to build a new state of the art manufacturing plant. The idea is of course that you earn more than you pay in interest. (This is somewhat similar to buying a condo with a mortgage). Other Long Term Liabilities All other liabilities which do not need to be returned within one accounting year and which are not separately listed. E.g. Royalties, asbestos claims. Elements of a Balance Sheet

30. GEK2507 30 Liabilities: Total Liabilities Total Liabilities = Total Current + Long Term Liabilities Note: If the Total Liabilities exceed the Total Assets, the company is almost certainly in some sort of danger. But there are exceptions to this! (Especially companies in new hot industries like e.g. dot.coms or bio-engineering). Elements of a Balance Sheet

31. GEK2507 31 Liabilities: Shareholder’s Equity Common Stock When a corporation is set up or when it needs money and desires to do so, it can issue common stock. The amount received is entered under this item. Note that the value printed on the stock certificate may be quite different from what one actually pays. Retained Earnings At the end of an accounting year, a company can have a profit or a loss. The profit or loss (in case of loss, naturally with a minus sign) is added to the retained earnings. The retained earnings sum up all the profits and losses since the inception of the company (minus paid out dividends). Elements of a Balance Sheet

32. GEK2507 32 Liabilities: Total Shareholder’s Equity This is the amount the company ‘owes’ its shareholders. Note that from an operational point of view, these debts have no impact on the daily running of the business since they do not need to be repaid. Elements of a Balance Sheet

33. GEK2507 33 Liabilities: Total Liabilities and Owner’s Equity Elements of a Balance Sheet Liabilities + Owner’s Equity Total Assets As such this item is mainly a cross check for the accuracy of the balance sheet. It must be exactly the same number as the total assets or something is wrong! =

34. GEK2507 34 May be, it’s quite simple after all! Same It’s a Balance Sheet A Simple Balance Sheet

35. GEK2507 35 May be, it’s quite simple after all! Sum Equals A Simple Balance Sheet

36. GEK2507 36 May be, it’s quite simple after all! Sum Equals A Simple Balance Sheet

37. GEK2507 37 May be, it’s quite simple after all! Sum Equals A Simple Balance Sheet

38. GEK2507 38 Hey! This is like in Ally McBeal. Sum …. Equals We should start singing a song. Any good rappers around? A Simple Balance Sheet

39. GEK2507 39 Guess what: The liabilities side is the same. Sum Equals I think you’ll get the picture … A Simple Balance Sheet

40. GEK2507 40 The Balance Sheet provides a snapshot of the assets and liabilities of a company. The Balance Sheet is one of the most important financial statements. Remember: Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity And again: Assets – Liabilities = Owner’s Equity $ IN $ OUT Key Points of the Day