1. Angela Brown

2. Bellringer:  What does land ownership signify?  What are the reasons for wanting land today?  What were they in colonial times? Vocabulary:  Immigrant  Great Awakening  Itinerant  dissent

3. 1. Explain why British settlers in the mid- 1700s wanted to move west of the thirteen colonies. 2. Analyze the impact of British westward migration on NAs and the French. 3. Summarize the effects that the religious movement known as the Great Awakening had on colonial society. radford.edu

4.  In the mid-1700s the colonial population increased rapidly, almost doubling every 25 years, as the birth rate grew faster than the death rate.  The colonies experienced a growth in the number of immigrants, or people who enter a new country to settle.  Immigrants from Ireland and Germany joined those coming from England.  Those from Ireland were often called Scotch- Irish, because they had traveled first from Scotland to Ireland before moving to the colonies of NA.  As the population grew the colonist began to feel crowded, especially those in NE.

6.  Maintaining a family required about 45 acres and since colonists were having many children, there was not enough fertile land to go around.  By the mid-1700s, European settlers were moving into the interior of NA.  Scotch-Irish and Germans settled central Pennsylvania and the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia.  In a few cases, settlers pushed through the Appalachians and began cultivating land in Indian territory.

7.  In the Ohio Valley lived the Delaware, Shawnee, and Huron.  They were forced to move west into other tribes territory as the settlers moved into theirs.  By the mid-1700s, disease and wars over trade had taken a toll on NA (the Iroquois) in NE.  The southern frontier remained a stronghold for NAs.  There the Cherokees, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Chocktaws created a barrier to westward colonial expansion.  The NA were also skillful at playing the rivalry between the French and English.

8.  In 1749, disturbed by the expansion of British trading posts in the Ohio Valley, the French sent defenders to strengthen the settlement of Detroit and to seize the Ohio Valley.  In 1752 the French built Fort Presque Isle (where Erie, Pennsylvania is now located) and attacked and killed the men defending the English trading post there.  By the early 1750s, it was clear a fight was rapidly approaching.  Whoever controlled the forks of the Ohio River could dominate the entire region.

9.  While the British colonies were overwhelmingly Protestant (aside from the small number of Jews in cities and some Catholics in Maryland) no single group of Protestants was more powerful than any other.  Southern planters, northern merchants, and professionals tended to belong to the Church of England.  Most New Englanders were Congregationalists or Presbyterians.  Quakers were strong in Pennsylvania, as were Lutherans and Mennonites.  The Dutch Reformed Church thrived in the New York.

10.  In the early 1700s, many ministers believed that the colonists had fallen away from the faith of their Puritan ancestors.  In the 1730s and 1740s, they led a series of revivals designed to renew religious enthusiasm and commitment.  Their preaching especially touched women of all ages and young men.  This revival of religious feeling is now known as the Great Awakening.

11.  The preaching of Johnathan Edwards, a minister in Northampton, Massachusetts, caused the explosion of religious feeling.  News of Edward’s success spread throughout the colonies and even to Britain.  It encouraged other ministers to increase their efforts to remind people of the power of God and their authority as ministers.  In a well-known fiery sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God,” Edwards gave his congregation a terrifying picture of their situation.

12.  Edwards would eventually be eclipsed in popularity by Whitefield, a young English minister who toured the colonies seven times between 1738 and 1770.  He preached to packed crowds in both churches and open-air meetings.  The Great Awakening energized people to speak for themselves and to rely less on the traditional authority of ministers and books. scrollpublishing.com

13.  In some areas the GA was led by ministers in established congregations.  Many people flocked to revival leaders, such as Whitefield, who were itinerant, or traveling, preachers.  If welcomed by the local minister, the itinerants would preach inside the church as a “visiting minister.”  If unwelcome, they preached in fields and barns to anyone who would come to hear their sermons.

14.  These ministers, some of whom had had little formal education, preached that anyone could have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ.  The infinitely great power of God did not put Him beyond the reach of ordinary people.  Faith and sincerity, rather than wealth or education, were the major requirements needed to understand the Gospel.  One sign of the new religious independence was the sift of many NE to the Baptist faith in the 1740s and 1750s.

15.  In the South, both the Baptist and Methodist churches drew new followers.  The appeal of these two particular churches lay in their powerful, emotional ceremonies and their celebration of ordinary people.  Some churches split, These splinter groups were more tolerant of dissent, or differences of opinion.  This helped make religion in the colonies more democratic.

16.  The GA had long- term social and political effects.  Methodists and Baptists tended to be people at the middle or bottom of colonial society.  When they claimed that individuals could act on their own faith and not rely on a minister or other authority, they were indirectly attacking the idea that some people are better than others.  This talk of equality would have revolutionary consequences.

17. 1. Explain why British settlers in the mid- 1700s wanted to move west of the 13 Colonies. 2. Organizing Information: Create a cause- effect chart showing the impact of colonial expansion. 3. Summarizing the Main Idea: Why was the Great Awakening an indirect challenge to the hierarchical social order of the British colonies? 4. What effect did the Great Awakening have on colonial people and society?