1. Addressing Pump Reliability Problems Matthew A. Gaydon May 9, 2006 Mechanical Solutions, Inc. 11 Apollo Drive Whippany NJ 07981 973-326-9920 www.mechsol.com

2. Summary Pump Basics Pump Selection Common Pump Problems –Imbalance –Misalignment –Suction Conditions –Nozzle Loads –Resonance Problem Solving Techniques

3. Centrifugal Pump Selection Rule #1: Match Pump BEP to System Head & Flow Rule #2: Require NPSH A greater than NPSH R plus margin Rule #3: Use a Long Straight Piping Run to the Suction Nozzle Rule #4: Thou Shalt Not Dead-Head Rule #5: Avoid Flat or Positive-Slope H-Q Characteristics Rule #6: Minimize Nozzle Loads & Use Expansion Joint Tie Bars Rule #7: Avoid Structural Natural Frequencies and Rotor Critical Speeds Rule #8: Minimize Load Cycling Rule #9: Select Materials Based on Corrosion, Galling, Fatigue, Erosion Resistance Rule #10: You Get What You Specify & Pay For

4. Pump Internal Hydraulic Design

5. Pump Design Fundamentals The Fan Laws Specific Speed (Ns) – Describes Impeller Design Suction Specific Speed (Nss) – Describes Suction Performance Cavitation Potential –NPSHA: net positive suction head available at the centerline of the impeller –NPSHA = (P suct – P vap )/fluid density –NPSHR: Suction head that causes 3% drop in TDH

6. Pump Characteristics Pumps follow the ‘fan laws’ or ‘affinity laws’ Flow Power Head

7. Pump Specific Speed Chart

8. Basic Pump Components Rotor –Shaft –Impeller(s) –Coupling(s) Casing –Diffusers / Volutes –Stuffing Box –Discharge Head (VTP’s) –Bearing Housings Bearings Seals

9. Basic Pump Designs

10. Single Stage End Suction Pump with Open Impeller

11. Horizontal Split Case Pump

12. Pacific RLIJ (Barrel Pump)

13. Pacific BFI (Barrel Pump)

14. Bingham MSD Pump

15. Vertical Turbine Pumps

16. Pump Selection A properly selected pump will operate at or near its ‘Best Efficiency Point’ (BEP) Pumps operating in parallel will operate at the same ‘head’ point on their curves Two identical pumps operating in parallel at different speeds will not operate properly A pump will operate where its performance characteristic matches the system resistance characteristic

17. Pump Performance

18. Typical Pump System Head Curve

20. Pump Vibration vs. Flow Rate

21. Vibration Testing

22. Instrumentation Options

23. Data Processing: Converting from time domain to frequency domain with an FFT Raw Time Signal Result of FFT

24. Common Vibration Measurements

25. Typical Pump Vibration Issues Imbalance at 1X RPM (40%) Misalignment at 2X and 1X RPM (40%) Natural Frequency Resonance (10%) Everything Else (10%) –Excessive Vane Pass Forces –Hydraulic Forces, Including Rotating Stall –Motor Electrical Problems

26. What Does Vibration Do? Bearing Failures Seal Failures Internal Wear (affects performance) Increases Power Consumption Vibration Decreases Pump Reliability And Increases Cost of Operation

27. Common Excitation Frequencies: Identifying the Source of the Problem

28. Balance and Alignment

29. Vibration Problem #1: 1X Running Speed

30. Vibration Caused by an Oscillating Force - Imbalance

31. Balance: Single vs. Two Plane

32. Vibration Problem #2: 1X and 2X Running Speed

33. Angular Misalignment

34. Offset Misalignment

35. Checking Alignment – Reverse Dial Indicator Method

36. Dodd Bars for Continuous Monitoring of Alignment (Thermal Effects)

37. Typical Alignment Limits Unacceptable Acceptable Good

38. General Guideline for Acceptable Misalignment –Offset: less than 2 mils * (3600/RPM) –Parallel: less than ½ mil * (3600/RPM) per axial inch Remember: Alignment when machine is cold and non- pressurized will be different than when machine is hot and pressurized. Machines may have ‘cold offsets’ for best COS alignment, and may need compromise alignment for variable COS Beware of ‘soft foot’ (e.g. ‘teetering’ pump or delaminated foundation) Pump / Driver Alignment Guidelines

39. Modern Laser Alignment Same Principle as Dial Indicator –Eliminates sagging indicator brackets sticking / jumping dial indicators low resolution / round-off error reading errors: sign error, parallax error, etc. looseness in mechanical linkages offset error due to tilted dial indicator

40. Piping Design Issues

41. Suction Piping and Inlet Design Hydraulic Considerations –Long Straight Pipe Leading into Pump Suction Minimize bends or elbows close to the pump inlet Minimize restrictions before inlet –Ample NPSH A vs. 3% Head drop NPSH R –Operate Near Best Efficiency Point (BEP) Mechanical Considerations –Do Not Use Pump Nozzle as Pipe Anchor –No Unrestrained Expansion Joints

42. Flow through Elbows (Courtesy Koch Engineering)

43. Static Piping Load Sources Unrestrained Expansion Joint (Like a Rocket Nozzle, F=P*A) ‘Bourdon Tube’ Straightening Thermal Growth / Mismatch Static Piping Loads are a Common Cause of Casing Deformation and Misalignment

44. Piping Loads (Misalignment due to Warped Casing)

45. Vibration Problem #3 High Vane Pass Frequency Vibration

46. Vane Pass Frequency Vibration

47. Key Internal Gaps

48. Vibration Problem #4 High Harmonics of Running Speed

49. Vibration Problem #5 Excitation of a Natural Frequency (Rotor or Structure) All structures have natural frequencies Natural frequencies are harmful if they can become excited Common excitation frequencies are: 1X rotational speed 2X rotational speed NX rotational speed (where N = number of impeller blades)

50. Typical Rotor Vibration Response vs. Speed

51. Typical Rotor Mode Shape

52. Avoiding Resonance: Campbell Diagram

53. Avoiding Resonance: Critical Speed Map

54. Improving Reliability by Avoiding Natural Frequencies and Resonance

55. Natural Frequency

56. Approximating Natural Frequency

57. How Natural Frequencies Affect Vibration

58. Vibration Impact Response (Bump Testing) Concept: Provide artificial stimulation to a machinery system to identify rotor or structural natural frequencies Practice: Measure vibration response for a known input excitation

59. Using Waterfall Plots to Identify Natural Frequencies Natural Frequency

60. Approximate Identification of Natural Frequencies

61. Modal Test Results Test Data Analytical Prediction

62. Advanced Problem Solving Use test data to identify most likely source of problem Model pump to analytically approximate installation Adjust analytical model to match site measurements Use calibrated model to test possible fixes Accurate model allows us to avoid eliminating one problem, but causing a new one Testing + Analysis = SOLUTION

63. Conclusions There’s more to pump and system vibrations than you might expect Keys to success: knowledge, experience, and the right tools Good rules-of-thumb exist Good condition-based methods and instrumentation are getting better